rutgers gen bio 116 exam 1

5 Eukaryotic Supergroups

Archaeplastida
SAR
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Discoba

Key derived traits of Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelles

Aerobic respiration

Mitochondria from primary endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

Relationship between two species in which one lives inside the other

Examples of endosymbiosis in evolutionary history

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

serial endosymbiosis

series of endosymbiotic events

primary endosymbiosis

the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote

Primary endosymbiosis example

Archaea engulfing alpha proteobacteria (mitochondria, first)

Heterotrophic Euk engulfing cyanobacteria (chloroplasts, second)

secondary endosymbiosis

Bigger eukaryote engulfs smaller eukaryote, leads to secondary plastids

Serial endosymbiosis basic process

1. Heterotrophic Euk with mitochondria engulfs cyanobacteria (1 endosymbiosis)

2. Becomes green algae, an autotrophic euk with chloroplasts

3. Heterotrophic euk engulfs the green algae, a euk. (2 endosymbiosis

4. Becomes an autotrophic euk with secondary plastids

Protists

A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.

"the very first"

Nutritional Strategies of Protists

photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

Chromalveolata shared derived trait

Secondary endosymbiosis of green algae

(contains secondary plastids)

flagellum with hair like projections ( stramenopiles)

Alveoli (alveolates)

Alveoli

Flattened vesicles just inside the plasma membrane which support the membrane

Rhizaria shared derived trait

Often have protective shells of calcium or silica

Archaeplastida shared derived trait

chloroplasts via primary endosymbiosis

red algae, green algae, land plants

Red algae

A photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most are multicellular and marine.

green algae

Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants. Mostly freshwater

Amoebozoans shared derived trait

blob shape

Opisthokonta

the eukaryotic supergroup that contains the fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates

Sister taxa of fungi

Nucleariids

Nutrition of Fungi

Absorptive heterotrophs

absorptive heterotrophs

1. secrete hydrolases

2. break down polymers to monomers

3. absorb organic molecules

Decomposers

Parasites

Mutualists

What are the 3 main lifestyles of fungi?

Decomposers

Absorb nutrients from non living organic material

Parasites

absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts

mutualists (fungi)

absorb nutrients from host organism, but reciprocate to host's benefit

Body Structures of Fungi

Multicellular

Unicellular

Hyphae

Long, branched, thread-like filaments

Basic building blocks of fungus body

Elongate to expand to new food source

Unique to the cell wall of fungi

Made of chitin

Reproductive Structures of fungi

Aerial hyphae

Fruiting bodies

Aerial Hyphae

Specialized to permit dispersal

Fruiting bodies

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores.

Complex, multicellular reproductive structure

e.g. mushrooms

Two specialized hyphae

Haustoria

Mycorrhizae

Haustoria

specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes

can be parasitic or mutualistic

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

Fungal reproduction uses

Spores

Haploid

Are spores haploid or diploid?

Spores are produced by

fruiting body or hyphae

fungal sexual reproduction

- use spores created by hyphae or fruiting body

- no sexes; mating types which are determined by the number of alleles

- Mating types secrete certain pheromones

- hyphae extend and detect pheromones

- if pheromones are different than their own, hyphae continue

-Plasmogamy

-Heterokaryon

-Cells continue to grow an divide, even nuclei divide without fusing

-Karyogamy

-Turns into diploid zygote

-Meiosis occurs to restore haploid condition

-Spores form, genetically unique

Plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

heterokaryon

A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell.

Asexual reproduction of fungi

Filamentous fungi (spores via mitosis)

Single celled yeast (cell division/budding)

Fungal Diversity

chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

Chytrids

aquatic and produce flagellated spores (zoospores); they were the first fungi

Zygomycetes

Mostly decomposers in soil

Glomeromycetes

Form mycorrhizae with plant roots

Ascomycetes

large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi

Basidiomycetes

All sexual

Contains edible mushrooms

Ecological importance of fungi

1) Decomposers- recycle chemical elements

2) Mutualists- work together for each other (lichens and fungi, algae, or cyanobacteria)

3) Parasites/Mycosis- diseases (mostly of plants)

4) Practical Uses- food and antibiotics

Lichens

represent symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

ALL Animals shared derived traits

1. Heterotrophic

2. Multicellular

3. Extracellular matrix

4. No cell walls

5.Differentiated cells

6. Diploid dominant

extracellular matrix

Proteins outside cell membrane

Early embryonic development in animals

1. zygote

2. goes through cleavage

3. goes through blastulation to become a blastula

4. goes through gastrulation

5. makes gastrula

Cleavage

mitotic divisions

Blastulation

becoming a hollow ball

blastula

hollow ball of cells

Gastrulation

inward folding of blastula

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Homeobox genes

code for proteins that regulate expression of developmental genes

radial symmetry

The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

Cephalization

development of a head

facilitates complex movement

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

Mesoderm

Middle layer; muscles, skeleton

Endoderm

Inner layer; lines digestive tube and other organs like lungs

Diploblasts

ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblasts

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

bilateria are triploblasts

Coelom

body cavity; fluid filled space between body wall and digestive tube

Acoelomate

no body cavity

Eucoelomate

partial coelom

Pseudocoelomate

full coelom (round worms)

advantages of coelom

No longer need to be flat

2 developmental modes animals

Protostome

Deuterostome

Protostome

Ancestral

Spiral, determinate cleavage

Coelom from masses of mesoderm

Blastopore: mouth

Deuterostomes

Derived

Radial, indeterminate

Coelom from folds of archenteron

Blastopore: anus

Sister taxon of animals

choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates

flagellated unicellular eukaryotes

Cambrian explosion

The first appearance in the fossil record of many animal phyla, within a relatively short (

Metazoa shared derived trait

Multicellular, heterotrophic, extracellular matrix

Eumetazoa derived traits

"true animals"

tissues

symmetry

Bilateria derived traits

bilateral symmetry

triploblasty

deuterostomia derived traits

deuterostome development

Ecdysozoa shared derived traits

Entirely invertebrates

go through ecdysis

Basal Animals

Lack more specific derived traits present in most animals

Phylum Porifera

sponges

least complex

multicellular

no symmetry, tissues, organs

Basal metazoans

Sponge morphology

Osculum: Open end

Spongocoel: Central cavity

Choanocytes

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Ingest bacteria, food particles

Phylum Cnidaria

True tissues

radial symmetry

diplopblastic

Mostly marine

Cnidocytes: specialized stinging cells

BASAL EUMETAZOANS

Bilateria Shared Derived Traits

bilateral symmetry

triploblasty

coelom

Deuterostomes are

monophyletic, derived

Protostomes are

paraphyletic group, ancestral

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Dorsoventrally flattened

acoelomate

free living or parasitic

phylum rotifera

Freshwater/ marine, damp soil

Corona- crown of cilia at anterior end

pseudocoelomates

Radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

Major Mollusk Clades

gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods

Phylum annelida

"little rings"

Repeated segmentation

marine, freshwater, soil

Ecdysis

Molting- shedding external coat during growth

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms

body covered in cuticle

Pseudocoelomates

aquatic, soil, parasitic

Phylum anthropoda

"joint foot"

Coelomates

Contains insects