Respiratory anatomy

External Nares (Nostrils)

L
Function: channel air into and out of the nasal cavity

Nasal septum

Location: between the nostrils
Function: divides the nasal cavity

Nasal cavity

A
Function: filter, warm and moisten air; produce mucus; resonance chamber for speech

Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

M
Function: inferior-responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose; middle-act as buffers to protect the sinuses from coming in direct contact with pressurized nasal airflow; superior-serve to protect the olfactory bulb

Nasopharynx

B
Subdivision of the Pharynx
Function: passageway for air from nasal cavity

Oropharynx

C
Subdivision of the Pharynx
Function: Passageway for food and air

laryngopharynx

D
Subdivision of the Pharynx
Function: Passageway for food and air

Larynx

K
Function: air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; voice production

Thyroid cartilage

H
Function:serves to protect the vocal folds; attachment for several laryngeal muscles

Epiglottis

J
Function: prevent food from entering lower respiratory system;

Cricoid Cartilage

F
Function:provide attachments for the cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and in speech production

Vestibular Folds

I
Function: keeping food and drink out of the airway, breathing, and speech

Vocal folds

G
Function: voice production

Trachea

E
Function: air passageway; filters, warms and moistens air

Thyroid cartilage (View 2)

A
Function:serves to protect the vocal folds; attachment for several laryngeal muscles

Cricoid Cartilage (View 2)

B
Function:provide attachments for the cricothyroid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and in speech production

Epiglottis (View 2)

D
Function: prevent food from entering lower respiratory system

Tracheal cartilages

C
Function: maintain structure of the airway of the trachea

Glottis (open)

A
combination of the vocal folds (vocal cords) and the space in between the folds
Function: voice production

Vocal Folds (View 2)

B
Function: voice production

Vestibular Folds (View 2)

C
Function: keeping food and drink out of the airway, breathing, and speech

Epiglottis (View 3)

D
Function: prevent food from entering lower respiratory system

terminal bronchiole

A
the most distal segment of the conducting zone
Function: passage of air to respiratory zone; secretion of surfactant which reduces surface tension, allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration

bronchiole

B
branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa
Function: passage of air to terminal bronchioles; secretion of surfactant which reduces surface tension, allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration

respiratory bronchiole

C
Function: passage of air to alveolar ducts

Alveolar ducts

D
Function: passage of air to alveoli

Alveoli

E
Function: gas exchange with blood- giving oxygen to blood and taking carbon dioxide

Alveolar sac

F
Function: contain groups of alveoli for gas exchange

Primary bronchi

A
branch off the trachea
Function:passageway for air

Secondary bronchi

B
Branch off the primary bronchi
Function:passageway for air

Tertiary bronchi

C
Branch off secondary bronchi
Function:passageway for air

bronchioles (view 2)

D
Branch off tertiary bronchi; branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa
Function:passageway for air

Right Superior Lobe

A
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Apex

B
Function: contain uppermost airways

Left Superior Lobe

C
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Secondary bronchus (View 2)

E
Branch off the primary bronchi
Function:passageway for air

Tertiary bronchus (View 2)

F
Branch off the secondary bronchi
Function:passageway for air

Left Inferior Lobe

G
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Left Lung

H
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Right Lung

K
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Cardiac notch

I
Function: accommodate the heart

Base of lungs

J
Function: respiration

Right inferior lobe

l
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Right middle lobe

M
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

hilus

A
Function: entry to lungs for airways, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

Left primary bronchus (View 2)

B
Function: passageway for air

Left Lung (Cross section)

C
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Pleural cavity

D
Function: aids optimal functioning of the lungs during respiration;contains pleural fluid, which allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation

Visceral pleurae

E
Located next to lungs
Function: cover and protect lungs; create pleural cavity which contains pleural fluid, which allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation

Parietal Pleurae

F
Located just deep to thoracic wall
Function: cover and protect lungs; create pleural cavity which contains pleural fluid, which allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation

Right Lung (View 2)

G
Function: house passageways smaller than primary bronchi

Bronchiole (Histology)

B
Branch off tertiary bronchi; branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa
Function:passageway for air

Alveoli (Histology)

A
Function: gas exchange with blood- giving oxygen to blood and taking carbon dioxide

Dorsal Respiratory Group

C
Function: Quiet inspiration

Ventral Respiratory Group

D
Function: Forceful inspiration and active expiration

Pneumotaxic Center

A
Function:Influences inspiration to shut off (inhibits inspiratory & apneustic centers)

Apneustic Center

B
Function: Prolongs inspiration (stimulates inspiratorycenter); deeper, slower pattern of breath

Mucosa (Histology)

A
Function: lining and secretion of mucus

Submucosa

B
Function: contain blood supply; secrete mucus

Hyaline Cartilage (Trachea)

C
Function: maintain opening of airway

Adventitia

D
Function: loose connective tissue that binds trachea to surrounding tissues

Goblet cells

E
Function: secrete mucus

Mucus Glands

F
Function: secrete mucus

Chondrocyte in lacuna

G
Function: maintain matrix of cartilage

Cilia

A
Function: Move mucus toward throat

Arytenoid cartilage

C
Function: moving vocal folds

Corniculate cartilage

B
Function: moving vocal folds

Cuneiform cartilage

A
Function: moving vocal folds

Chemoreceptors (respiratory)

What receptors are stimulated more by increased CO2 levels than by decreased O2 levels and stimulate Rhythmicity Area for respiration?

Aorta and Carotid Arteries

What is the location of the peripheral chemoreceptors of the respiratory system?

Medulla oblongata

What is the location of the central chemoreceptors of the respiratory system?

Type I alveolar cell (simple squamous)

A
Function: gas exchange

Type II alveolar cells

B
Function: produce surfactant that keeps alveoli from collapsing and sticking together by decreasing surface tension

Nasal Bone

A
Function: provide structure to external nose

Middle Nasal concha

B
Part of ethmoid bone
Function: create channel for middle nasal meatus

perpendicular plate

C
Part of ethmoid bone
Function: separate the two sides of the nose (septum)

Inferior nasal concha

D
part of maxilla
Function: create channel for inferior nasal meatus

Vomer

E
Function: provide part of nasal septum and hard palate

Ethmoid sinus

B
Function: decreasing weight of skull; increasing resonance of voice; humidifying and warming air

Frontal sinus

A
Function: decreasing weight of skull; increasing resonance of voice; humidifying and warming air

Sphenoid sinus

C
Function: decreasing weight of skull; increasing resonance of voice; humidifying and warming air

Maxillary sinus

D
Function: decreasing weight of skull; increasing resonance of voice; humidifying and warming air