any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system
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Integration
the CNS processes and interprets the information received through the sensory organs. The CNS does this without your being aware of this activity on a conscious level
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Motor Input
After swiftly processing and interpreting the sensory input, the CNS transmits messages to effectors
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CNS
Central Nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives, processes, and responds to impulses from all over the body. In essence, the CNS functions as the command center of the body.
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PNS
peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that reach into and extend from the brain and the spinal cord.
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Brain
the master commander of the nervous system. Together, with the spinal cord, the brain processes and interprets neural messages. The brain is the center of mental functions
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Occipital Lobe
lie in the posterior part of the cerebrum. They control vision
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Temporal Lobe
found in the lateral parts of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. They are responsible for your hearing, sense of smell, factual and visual memory, and language processing
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Frontal Lobe
located in the anterior part of the cerebrum. They control movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions
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Parietal Lobe
Situated in the superior part of the cerebrum, are largely responsible for processing sensory stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
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Cerebrum
located in the superior and anterior parts of the brain, is the largest brain region. is the seat of high-level cognitive functions such as language, reasoning, planning, memory, and sensory integration
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Diencephalon
situated in the posterior part of the forebrain, directly beneath the cerebrum. It is the site of three key glands of the endocrine system
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Thalamus
acts as the sensory traffic director of the brain.
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Hypothalamus
located inferior to the thalamus, serves as the monitor and control center of autonomic nervous system functions
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Pineal
secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body's circadian rhythm.
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Brain Stem
connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It helps regulate the central nervous system
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Pons
connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
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Midbrain
serves as the passageway for electrical impulses as they travel between the brain and the spinal cord
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Medulla Oblongata
connects the brain to the spinal cord via the pons. helps conduct neural impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. regulates vital autonomic functions
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Spinal Cord
a column of neural tissue that extends inferiorly from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
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cerebrospinal fluid function
to protect the spinal cord
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white matter
made up of ascending spinal tracts and descending spinal tracts
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gray matter
composed of nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of the peripheral nerves.
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Nerves
a bundle of neuronal fibers that carries electrical impulses or messages from the brain and spinal cord to different parts of the body and then back.
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Neuron
the fundamental cells of the nervous system. found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses
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Afferent
Nerves that conduct messages from sensory receptors to the CNS only
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Efferent
conduct messages from the CNS to the muscles or glands of the body.
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Meninges
three layers of connective tissue that protect the central nervous system
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Dura Mater
thick sac of dense collagen fibers and blood vessels that protects the CNS from injury
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Arachnoid mater
contains many thin fibers that connect it to the pia mater below it.
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Pia Mater
a thin, delicate tissue membrane that lies directly on the brain and the spinal cord. contains a rich supply of blood vessels that nourish the CNS
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Somatic
physical in nature, having physical symptoms and origins
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Aneurysm
Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AMS)
muscular weakness and atrophy with involuntary contractions and excessive reflexes; caused by the degeneration of motor neurons
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Syncope
temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain
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Cerebral Palsy
Disorder that affects movement and muscle tone; caused by a defect in the brain before birth.
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Guillain Barre
the body's immune system attacks the nerves. starts with legs, feet, and arms, then goes to the brain.
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
chronic, slow-progressing disease of the central nervous system marked by development of thin, demyelinated glial patches called plaques
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Transient ischemic attack
brief stoppage of blood flow to a part of the brain
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Stroke
Death of brain tissue that occurs when an arterial blockage or arterial rupture prevents blood flow to the brain
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Bell's Palsy
Unilateral paralysis of the nerves that control the facial muscles, causing one side of the face to droop
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Migraine
headache that produces intense throbbing and pain in one area of the head and that is typically accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting
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Concussion
traumatic brain injury resulting from a blow to the head or violent shaking of the head and upper body
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Paralysis
nerve impulses are impaired, preventing muscular movement
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Paraplegia
Loss of voluntary movement in the lower half of the body, including both legs; often as a result of spinal cord injury or disease
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Quadriplegia
paralysis in all four extremities/ limbs
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Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
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Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation that typically is not painful, such as tingling, numbness, itching, prickling, or burning
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Spina Bifida
Split spine; congenital defect in which part of the membrane covering the spinal cord protrudes through a gap in the spine
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Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid inside the ventricles of the brain
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Shingles
Eruption of a painful rash, often on the torso of the body along a peripheral nerve
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Coma
A state of extended unconsciousness caused by a medical crisis, such as a traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, or illness
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Seizure
disruption of electrical activity in the brain that produces physical and mental changes
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Aura
subjective sensation that often occurs before a migraine or seizure
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Epilepsy
neurological disorder of the central nervous system disorder in which the activity of the neural cells in the brain becomes disrupted
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Grand mal seizure
An epileptic seizure characterized by violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness;
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Petit mal seizure
Brief, sudden lapses of consciousness, more common in children
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Focal seizure
Abnormal electrical activity that occurs in one or more parts of one brain hemisphere
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Dementia
condition of progressive mental deterioration caused by organic brain disease
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Amnesia
a partial or total loss of memory (facts and information)
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Delirium
state of mental confusion and agitation characterized by disorientation of time and place, usually accompanied by hallucinations and illusions
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Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection and marked by intense headache and fever
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
dementia resulting from atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain.
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Parkinson's Disease
progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement
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Tetanus (lockjaw)
bacterial infection that causes someone's neck and jaw to lock up
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Mental
diseases and conditions that affect mental and psychiatric parts of the nervous system
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Panic disorder
Disorder characterized by sudden, recurring attacks of intense anxiety and fear
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, illness, or injury that triggers persistent thoughts and memories of the experience
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Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD)
Anxiety disorder in which irrational thoughts and fears cause one to perform repetitive actions
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Phobia
Exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation that causes anxiety and panic
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorder characterized by excessive worry that is not restricted to specific situations or objects
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Developmental disorders
group of mental disorders characterized by disruption of normal development during childhood
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Dyslexia
learning disorder characterized by difficulty in recognizing and comprehending written language
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Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
disorder in which a person is frequently distracted, is hyperactive, and displays a lack of impulse control.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
disability characterized by difficulty communicating with others and focusing beyond oneself
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Intellectual disorder (ID)
below-average intelligence resulting in the inability to develop skills necessary for daily living
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Mood disorders
group of mental disorders marked by depression that may alternate with periods of elation
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Bipolar (Manic depressive disorder)
mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
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Depression
mood disorder marked by persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and lack of interest in daily activities
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Seasonal Affective disorder (SAD)
form of depression that occurs during the fall and winter seasons as a result of less exposure to natural sunlight
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Psychotic disorders
group of mental disorders characterized by loss of touch with reality, hallucinations, and delusions
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Postpartum Psychosis
psychiatric condition that develops in 1 to 2 per 1,000 women within the first week after childbirth
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Eating disorders
group of mental disorders characterized by an unhealthy focus on weight and food.
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Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body image
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Bulimia Nervosa
Eating disorder characterized by binge eating that is followed by induced vomiting, use of laxatives, and/or excessive exercise
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EEG
Record of the electrical impulses of the brain
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Cerebral Angiography
X-ray of the blood vessels in the brain after a contrast medium (dye) has been injected
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Lumbar puncture
Spinal tap; needle aspiration of spinal canal fluid in the lumbar area
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PET
Procedure that uses nuclear medicine and computerized tomography to generate images of the brain
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Babinski Sign
Reflex in which the toes curl upward when the plantar surface (sole) of the foot is stimulated
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DTR
Evaluation of involuntary muscular responses with a reflex hammer
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CSF shunt
surgically implanted device that drains cerebrospinal fluid in a controlled manner from the brain ventricles to the abdomen or heart
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Carotid endarterectomy
Surgical removal of fatty deposits in one or both carotid arteries
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Nerve block
Injection of a local or regional anesthetic or anesthesia to prevent pain in an area near a nerve
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CBT
counseling wherein the goal is to help the client to gain an improved awareness of negative thought processes and to adopt strategies for counteracting negative thinking.
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ECT
Electrical shock applied to the brain under medical supervision to trigger convulsions.
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Light therapy
Use of a specialized light source, which replicates natural sunlight, to treat seasonal affective disorder.
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Psychotherapy
form of treatment for psychiatric disorders that emphasizes verbal and nonverbal communication