Brain and Behavior Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts in brain and behavior research.

Case Study

In-depth investigation of a unique individual. Qualitative data. Example: Milner's H.M.

Quasi-Experiment

Group comparison using a naturally-occurring IV. Aims for cause-effect but lacks random assignment. Example: Maguire's taxi driver study.

Method Triangulation

Using multiple research methods to increase reliability. Example: Milner's H.M. (tests, observation, MRI).

Anterograde Amnesia

Loss of the ability to form new explicit memories.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience.

Confidentiality/Anonymity

Protecting participants' identity and information. Crucial for vulnerable individuals. Maintaining dignity.

Protection from Undue Stress or Harm

Minimizing physical and psychological harm to participants. Important in studies using brain imaging.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Non-invasive imaging technique using magnets/radio waves for detailed brain structure images. Shows grey matter density/volume. Does NOT show activity.

VBM (Voxel-Based Morphometry)

A technique used with MRI to measure grey matter density.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow (BOLD signal). Shows function/activity. Indirectly measures neurotransmission.

Localization of Function

The idea that specific brain areas are responsible for specific functions.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter involved in memory processes, especially spatial memory.

Hormone

Chemicals released by glands that travel through the bloodstream to affect behavior and physiology.

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Affect stress response and memory.

Pheromone

Chemical signals that affect the behavior or physiology of other individuals of the same species.

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

A group of genes related to the immune system. Dissimilar MHC is preferred in mate selection.

Twin Study

A research design that compares concordance rates between MZ (identical) and DZ (fraternal) twins to estimate heritability.

Genetic Similarity

The degree of shared genes between individuals. MZ twins: 100%. DZ twins/First-degree relatives: ~50%.

Evolutionary Psychology

A theoretical approach that explains behavior in terms of natural selection and adaptation for reproductive fitness.

Gene x Environment Interaction (GxE)

The idea that genes and environment interact to influence behavior, rather than genes alone determining behavior.

5-HTT gene

A gene that regulates serotonin transport. Short (s) allele is associated with increased vulnerability to depression.