AP Psych - Mod 31: Studying and Encoding Memories

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

recall

a measure of memory where previously learned info is retrieved (ex. fill in the blank)

recognition

a measure of memory where a person identifies items previously learned (ex. multiple chocie test)

relearning

measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system

storage

the process of retaining encoded info over time

retrieval

process of getting info out of memory storage

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a problem at once

the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions

sensory memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

long term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
(knowledge, skills, experiences)

working memory

short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual info

info retreived from long term memory

explicit memory

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know declare

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information such as word meanings

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli ; a picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory or auditory stimuli

if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 secs

chunking

organizing items info familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level

based on structure / appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically

based on the meaning of the words