PPL FINAL

What is the purpose of occlusives and emollients

Penetrate into the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum and seals it reducing transepidermal water loss

What are humectants

Water soluble and penetrate the skin to increase the water content

What are examples of humectants

Glycerin and PG

What is the purpose of ingredients like urea, lactic acid, citric acid and glycolic acid

removes dead cells and keeps skin soft

What are the 3 subdivisions of topical preparations

Liquids, solids, semi solids

What are the 4 ointment bases

1. oleaginous

2. absorption

3. water removable

   1. water soluble

What are Oleaginous bases

Hydrocarbonds and natural oil products that are for oozing body fluids and excretions. They are very greasy, hydrophobic, and soften the skin and non washable.

What are examples of oleaginous bases

White petrolatum, white ointment

What type of drugs is an oleginous base good for

Drugs with poor aqueous stability

What are absorption bases

Have both oleaginous material and water in oil material where the base can absorb water. Good for aqueous solutions and are less greasier than oleginous

What are the 2 types of absorption bases

1. anhydrous base

2. Bases that are already w/o emulsions

What are anhydrous bases

• Allow the incorporation of aqueous solutions to form w/o emulsion

• ABSORBS UP TO 50% OF THEIR VOLUME TO FORM W/O EMULSION

What are w/o emulsions

Permit a small amount of aqueous solutions and are good emollients

Which ointment base has better drug releasing properties than olegineous

Absorption base

What are examples of Absorption bases

Aquaphor, Hydrophillic petrolatum, lanolin

What are water removable bases

Oil in water emulsions that are similar to creams and so they are water removable. Absorb a lot of discharge

What is the most commonly used ointment base

Oil in Water emulsion/ Water removable base

What are Water soluble Bases

Prepared with PEG/Carbowax and are non greasy and are easily washable and chemically syable

What are examples of water soluble bases

PEG and Polybase

What is Rheological properties

Product has proper consitency and elasticity to spread and be removed from container

What is used for stratum corneum effects

Moisturizing, hydration, keratinizing, and keratolytic

What is calamine

A mix of zinc oxide and ferric oxide Fe2O3 and is an anti-itch medication for sunburn, eczema or rashes

What is zinc oxide used for

astringent, antibacterial, antipruritic and for sunscreen and is amphiphillic

What can zinc oxide be incorporated into

w/o or o/w emulsions

what happens when a high conc of zinc oxide is used in o.w emulsion

Density of oil droplets increase so viscosifiers need to be used

What are lotions

Have a lot of water and are o/w emulsions and are more fluid than creams it is a liquid topical dosage form

What are creams

Emulsified semisolid can be washable or non washable

What are washable creams

o/w

What are examples of anionic surfectants

soap and Sodium lauryl sulfate

What are cationic surfectants

Benzalkonium chloride

What is a non ionic surfectant

Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate

Where are hydrophobic drugs released faster

In a hydrophillic base or o/w emulsion and water miscible bases

what is the order in which a hydrophobic drug will be released in

1. water miscible

2. polysorbate

3. absorption

4. oleaginous

What are powders

A homogenous mix of a solid with other solids/ adsorbed liquid

What is an advantage of drugs administered as powders

More stable than liquid dosage forms and have a short onset of action and do not need to disintegrate

How do you reduce the size of a powder

Trituration or Pulverization by intervention

What is Trituration

Reduce particle size by mortar and pestle

What is Pulverization by intervention

When substances are hard crystalline or gummy and so you dissolve in a volatile solvent and will become fine crystals

What is flowability

Measure of a powder to flow freely

What is angle of repose

Max internal angle between the surface of the conical/sloping and the horizontal surface for a free flowing powder pile

What is the relationship between angle of repose and flowability

The lower the angle of repose the the better the flow property

What type of flow is an angle of repose thats less than 25 degrees

Excellent and non cohesive W

What is the type of flow of something with an angle of repose of greater than 40

Very poor and very cohesive

What does the angle of repose increase with

Increasing conc of poorest flowing ingredient

What is the angle of spatula

measure of relative angle of internal friction of powders measured when the spatula is inserted into a powder heap parallel to the bottom then lifted straight out

When is the angle of spatula not greater than the angle of repose

Very free flowing powders

What value of angle of spatula is free flowing

Under 40

What is percent compressability

Evaluates flowability of a powder by comparing fluff density to the tapped density of a powderW

What is bulk density

the degree of air entrapment in the powder which is mass or particles/volume of powder

What is the % compressibilty equation

= tapped density- bulk density/ tapped density x 100

What is a 5-15% compressibilty range mean

Excellent free flowing

What is a greater than 40% compressibility range

extremely poor cohesive powder

What is cohesiveness

describes the adherence of powder particles to each other

When do powders become more cohesive

When the moisture is increased

How do you classfiy powder fineness

Sieving

What size particles tend to be non cohesive

Large particles greater than 100 um

What does particle size more than 250 um mean

Free flowing

What does less than 10 um particle size mean

resist flow

What does a x50 of more than 355 mean

Coarse

What does a X50 of less than 125 mean

Very fine

What are dusting powders

Dispensed as bulk powders in sifter top containers and are dusted on the skin and used for drying affect

What problems do hygroscopic and deliquescent powders have

Absorb moisture from the atmosphere

What problems do efflorescent powders have

Contain water and released when triturated or when in low humidity enviornmentW

What are eutetic mixtures

Liquify when mixed together bc of depression of melting points

What is magnesium sterate

A glidant and lubricant for capsules and tablets to reduce friction and improve flow.

What are capsules

Solid unit dose formulations in which the drug us enclosed within a hard or soft soluble container or shell made of gelatin and is a single unit dose that is swallowed whole

When are capsules preffered

When stability is an issue and can help mask unpleasant tastes

What are gelatin capsules not suitable for

aqueous liquids

What happens to capsules in dry conditions

Lose moisture, become brittle and crack

What is the largest capsule size

000 for pets and 00 for humans

What is the smallest capsule size

5

What is the preffered capsule size

2 and 3

What is the purpose of diluent in capsule filling

Used as fillers to enhance the elegance of capsules and for accurate dosing

What are common diluents used for capsule filling

Lactose and Starch

When are adsorbents used in capsule filling

When a liquid drug is prepared as a capsule

What determines how much powder can be filled in a capsule

Depends on the density of the formulated powder

What is the rule of six

The capsule size is substracted from the number of 6 to give the capacity of capsules in grain

When is Weight Variation used

When the drug susbtance in the capsule is 25 mg or more or comprises 25% or more

When is content uniformity used

When hard gelatin capsules contain less than 25 mg/ unit and less than 25% dose and ratio of drug substance

What are suppositories

Solid dosage forms that are inserted in body orfices (rectum, vagina and urethra)

When do suppositories exert their local or systemic effects

Upon melting or dissolving and is used if their are GI disorders

What are the three suppository bases

1. Fatty/Oleaginous Base

2. Water Miscible bases/PEG

3. Miscellaneous bases

What are the advantages of oleaginous bases

Non irritating and preffered and less reactive

What are the disadvantages of oleaginous bases

May leak out from the body cavity and melting point can be lowered by adding other components or drugs and is poor release of drugs

What are advantages of Water Miscible bases/PEG

does not leak and does not melt at warm temperatures and provides more reliable release of hydrophobic drugs

What determines effectiveness of a suppository base

Drug must be released from suppository base

For suppositories when is Oleaginous base preffered

Release of water soluble drugs

For suppositories when is water miscible bases preffered

For water insoluble drugs

Why is drug release in suppositories less predictable

Because rectum has no villi and less surfacre area for absorption where 1/3 of drug taken to the liver

What does it meant when the drug has same density as the base

The drug will replace an equal weight of base

What happens when drug has a higher density than the base

It will replace smaller weight of the baseW

What happens when drug has lower density than the base

It will replace larger weight of the base

What is the fusion method

Base is melted and the drug is then dispersed in the base and melted mixture is poured in the mold W

What is the double casting method

Manual molding of suppositories and re melting to form a uniformly dispersed suppository