BODIES Unit 2 part 2

a-, an-

no, not, without, away from, negative

anti-

against

asthen-, -asthenia

weakness, lack of strength

bi-, tri-, quad-

two, three, four

brady-

slow

-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

claudicat/o

to limp

epi-

above, upon, on

erg/o, -ergy

work

fasci/o

fascia, fibrous band

fibr/o

fibrous tissue, fiber

flex/o

bend

hemi-

half

herni/o

hernia

hypo-

deficient, decreased

-ia

abnormal condition, disease, also the plural of the singular noun form ending -ium

intermitt/o

coming and going at intervals; not continuous

-ion

condition, action, process, state

kines/o, kinesi/o

movement

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

muscle

noct/i

night

par-, para-

beside, near, beyond, abnormal, apart from, opposite, along side of

-paresis

partial or incomplete paralysis

-plegia

paralysis, stroke

sarc/o

sacrum

tax/o

coordination, order

ten/o, tendo/, tendin/o

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

ton/o

tension, tone, stretching

tort/i

twisted

troph/o, -trophy

development, nourishment

Achilles tendonitis

inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

abduction

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

activities of daily living/ADL

includes bathing, grooming, brushing teeth, eating and dressing

adduction

Movement of a body part toward the median plane

adhesion(s)

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

anticholinergic

a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system

antispasmodic

medication administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions

ataxia

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

atonic

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

atrophy

weakness of wearing away of body tissues and structures caused by pathology or by disuse over a long period of time

bradykinesia

extreme slowness of movement

carpal tunnel syndrome/CTS

swelling that creates pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel

chronic fatigue syndrome/CFS

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems, with symptoms similar to those of fibromyalgia syndrome

circumduction

a conical movement of a limb extending from the joint (e.g. shoulder or hip) at which the movement is controlled.

contracture(s)

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissue

cramp

a painful localized muscle spasm

deep tendon reflex/DTR

testing of reflexes to diagnose disruptions of the nerve supply to the involved muscles

dorsiflexion

is backward flexion (bending), as of the hand or foot

dyskinesia

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement

dystonia

a condition of abnormal muscle tone

electromyography/EMG

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscles fibers in response to nerve stimulation

epicondylitis

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

ergonomics

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

exercise physiologist

studies of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide range of exercise conditions.

extension

increasing the angle between two bones or straightening out of a limb

flexion

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

fasciitis

inflammation of the fascia

fasciotomy

a surgical incision through a fascia to relieve tension or pressure

fascioplasty

surgical repair of a fascia

fibromyalgia

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms

ganglion cyst

a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

hamstring injury

a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

heel spur(s)

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel

hemiparesis

slight paralysis or weakness affecting only one side of the body

hemiplegia/hemi

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

hernia

the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissue normally containing it

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

hypotonia

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

iliotibial band syndrome

an overuse injury cause by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee

impingement syndrome

inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

intermittent claudication / IC

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

lateralis

denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or a structure

medialis

pertaining to or situated towards the midline

muscular dystrophy / MD

a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles without affecting the nervous system

muscle innervation

to supply nerves to muscles

myalgia

tenderness or pain in the muscles

myasthenia gravis / MG

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

myocele

the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

myoclonus

the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

myofascial pain syndrome

a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

myofascial release

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, and carpal tunnel syndrome

myolysis

the degeneration muscle tissue

myoparesis

weakness or slight muscular paralysis

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle

myorrhexis

the rupture or teaching of a muscle

myotomy

a surgical incision into a muscle

neuromuscular blocker

a medication that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles

neuromuscular therapy / NMT

a form of massage that uses soft-tissue manipulation focusing on applying pressure to trigger points to treat injuries and alleviate pain

oblique

a muscle neither parallel nor perpendicular to the long axis of a body or limb

occupational therapy / OT

activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living

overuse injuries

injuries that occur when minor tissue injuries have not been given time to heal

paralysis

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

paraplegia

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

physiatrist(s)

diagnose and treat both acute pain and chronic pain and specialize in a wide variety of nonsurgical treatments for the musculoskeletal system

physical therapist(s) / PT

a person who aids in the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity by physical methods such as massage, heat treatment, and exercise rather than by drugs or surgery

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot or heel pain when walking or running

plantar flexion

the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

polymyositis / PM

muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

pronation

the act of rotating the arm or leg to that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot in turned downward and backward

quadriplegia, quadriplegic / quad

paralysis of all four extremities