Anatomy and Physiology - Cells 2

Passive Transport

Requires no energy, includes diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, facilitated diffusion/carrier-mediated passive transport, and filtration

Diffusion

Molecules move from greater concentration to lesser

Dialysis

Selectively permeable artificial membrane separates smaller solute particles from larger

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Hypertonic

More solute outside the cell, water leaves, cell shrinks

Hypotonic

More solute inside the cell, water enters, cell grows

Isotonic

Equal solute amount in and out

Facilitated Diffusion/Carrier-Mediated Passive Transport

Movement aided by carrier mechanism in cell membrane

Filtration

Passage of water and permeable solutes through a membrane, driven by hydrostatic pressure that separates large and small particles

Active Transport

Requires ATP/energy, goes AGAINST concentration gradient from low to high, includes bulk movement [endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis]

Bulk movement

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis

Brings material into the cell, includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cellular eating

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking

Exocytosis

Moves molecules out of the cell

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Shape of DNA

Double helix

Monomer of DNA

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

5 carbon/deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

DNA nitrogen bases

Adenine + Thymine, Guanine + Cytosine

Codon

3 bases

What determines all hereditary traits?

The sequence of base pairs

Gene

Segment of DNA

DNA determines a cell’s…

Structure and function

DNA replication prepares the cell for?

Cell reproduction

What does the DNA do in the first step of DNA replication?

Uncoils into 2 strands

Complementary strand

Forms along the 2 separated strands

Transcription

Occurs in the nucleus, DNA is unzipped, RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides, mRNA is sent to the ribose for translating

RNA

Ribose sugar, uracil instead of thymine, and single stranded

mRNA

Messenger RNA that transcribes its message from DNA

Intron

Non-coding parts of mRNA that are removed before the mRNA lands on the ribosome

Exon

Coding parts of the mRNA that are spliced before the mRNA lands on the ribosome

Translation/Protein Synthesis

Occurs in the cytoplasm (on a ribosome), tRNA carrying anti-codons and amino acids matches up to the codon on the mRNA, amino acid chains bonded by peptide bonds are formed into protein, ribosome, tRNA, and protein detach

tRNA

Transfer RNA that reads the mRNA and brings the amino acid by matching anti-codons

How many amino acids are there?

20

Which dictates what amino acid is brought to the ribosome; codon or anti-codon?

Codon

Mitosis

Cell divides into 2 daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell

Mitosis phases

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis (IPMATC)

Interphase

G1: Cell growth, S: DNA duplicates/synthesizes, and G2: Final growth

Prophase (Mitosis)

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, centrioles go to opposite ends, and spindle fibers appears

Metaphase (Mitosis)

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase (Mitosis)

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and split the sister chromatids, cytokinesis begins pinching in

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms, spindle fibers disappear, 2 identical daughter cells are made

Meiosis/Reduction Division

Gametes (sperm or eggs) produces 4 haploid cells with half (23) the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell (46)

Meiosis phases

Interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II (IPMATCMATC)

Human diploid number

46

Human haploid number

23

Homologous Chromosomes

Same in size, location of centromere, and gene arrangement

Prophase I

Spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles go to opposite ends

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes pair up down the middle

Anaphase I

Spindle fibers pull pairs to opposite ends

Telophase I

Spindle fibers disappear, cytokinesis starts

Cytokinesis I

Divides into 2 haploid cells

Prophase II

Spindles appear again

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in the middle again

Anaphase II

Spindle fibers divide the chromosomes into chromatids and pulls them to opposite ends

Telophase II

Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers disappears, cytokinesis starts

Cytokinesis II

Cells divides into 4 daughter cells

Cellular respiration

Glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, releasing ATP for the cell

Cellular respiration reactants

Glucose and oxygen

Cellular respiration products

Water, carbon dioxide, and 36 ATP’s

Glycolysis

1st stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose via enzymes, releasing 2 ATP and pyruvic acid

Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

2nd stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the mitochondria, uses oxygen to convert glucose’s potential energy into 2 ATP, releases carbon dioxide and water as waste

Electron transport chain

3rd stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the mitochondria, transfers electrons to create 32 ATP