ESS 8.1 - Human Populations

identify the crude birth rate formula and its influences

total # births / total popl x 1000

influenced by:

• age

• sex

• family size customs

• popl policies

identify the immigration rate formula and its influences

total # of immigrants / total popl x 1000

influenced by:

• economic opportunities

• political stability

• social + culture

• environmental

identify the crude death rate formula and its influences

total # of deaths / total popl x 1000

influenced by:

• age structure

• social class

• income + occupation

• literacy

• access to resources (food, water, healthcare)

• place of residence

• child mortality

identify the emigration formula and its influences

total # of emigrants / total popl x 1000

influenced by:

• economic conditions

• political instability

• social + family factors

• environmental issues

• conflict + violence

• government policies

• quality of life

• etc

identify the natural increase rate (NIR) formula

rate of human growth

• as a number per 1000 / as a %

CBR - CDR / 10

identify the use of total fertility rate and its influences

avg # of children an avg woman has in her lifetime

2.1 = replacement rate with no migration

influenced by:

• cultural / religious norms

• economic conditions

• access to education + family planning

• urbanization

• government policies

• etc

identify the formula for doubling time

70/ growth rate %

explain what life expectancy measures in a population

avg # of years a person is expected to live

measures popl health + well being

• overall quality of life

  • healthcare, nutrition, living conditions

higher LE = better living conditions + healthcare

reflects disparity between developed/developing regions

identify the different characterisitcs of HIC/LIC

HIC

• industrialized

• high GDP

• relatively rich popl

• access to education + healthcare

• high resource use per capita

• low popl growth %

LIC

• little/no industry

• low GDP

• raw materials but no processed/manufactured goods

• limited access to education + healthcare

• fewer resources per capita

• high popl growth %

explain anti-natalist policies with a named example

policies designed to reduce BR and slow popl growth

• managing popl growth in regions w/over population + resources

example: China’s one-child policy

explain pro-natalist policies with a named example

policies aimed at increasing BR to boost popl growth

• address issues related to declining popl i.e. labor shortage, aging workforce, economic stagnation

example: Japan’s free early childhood education, tax incentives etc

explain in-direct population policies and factors influencing their success

managing human popl growth through increasing development (social, economic etc)

• does not specifically target popl control

factors influencing success

• culture + religion - policies must align with cultural + religious norms

• economic incentives

• social support systems - access to affordable healthcare, education, childcare, parental leave

• political stability + governance - effectiveness of policies (i.e migration)

provide two named examples of indirect/direct policies used to control popl growth from HIC and LIC countries

HIC - Singapore

• "'Stop-at-two’ program that aimed for only two children - ideal replacement rate

  • sterilisation programs w/ rewards

  • family planning education

  • more expensive childcare for 3rd child (i.e no maternity leave)

LIC - West Africa

• improving female education

• reproductive health awareness

• development in social norms + womens autonomy in childbirth

evaluate the DTM

strengths

• simple framework - clear + easy to understand

• broad applicability - useful to compare demographic trends across regions

• predictive value - predict future popl trends based on historical patterns

limitations

• eurocentric bias

• assumes linear progression - may not be true due to cultural/economic/political differences

• overlooks external factors - migration, gov policies, global events

• stage 5 uncertainty

• ignores inequalities - does not address within-country inequalities