07 - Seed to tree

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55 Terms

1

Two mobile life cycle phases

seed dispersal syndromes

polination syndrome

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2

why do you need seed dispersal

Without seed dispersal adaptations, most seeds are deposited close to mother plant

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3

why is it bad to most seeds are deposited close to mother plant

→ parent-offspring competition for space & resources

→ mating btw. closely related individuals: inbreeding depression

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4

Explosive self dispersal DIY:

Ballistochory

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5

Wind dispersal:

Anemochory

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6

Water dispersal:

Hydrochory

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7

“Internal hitchhiking”:

Endozoochory

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8

“External hitchhiking”:

Exozoochory

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9

Ant dispersal:

Myrmecochory

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10

Gravity+:

Barochory & 2ndary dispersal by animals

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11

Ballistochory

seeds catapolted away

build up pressure slightest force causes to catapolt

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12

Anemochory:

hairs → allows seed to be picked up by wind

parachute → good adaptation to move away (dandilions)

wings (Winged maples)

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13

Hydrochory

  • water travel

  • need a seed coat so seed can curvive in salt water

  • contains airpocket which keeps them floating

eg coconut - good floater, well defense shell, survive long period

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14

Exozoochory

hooks grab onto fur or hair and fall out when you move

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15

Endozoochory

animals eat it and poop it up

eg. berries indicate with colour when seed inside is ripe

their seed coat = strong so it survives the acidiic environemtn of the stomach and teeth

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16

Myrmecochory

tranfered by ants

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17

Myrmecochory relationship

→ Symbiotic relationship: plant → seed dispersal; ant → food

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18

Elaiosomes

(elaios- oil, some- body): food for ants

Fleshy structure attached to seeds

Rich in lipids and proteins

<p>(elaios- oil, some- body): food for ants </p><p>Fleshy structure attached to seeds </p><p>Rich in lipids and proteins</p>
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19

Barochory and small animal dispersal

fall down and animal carry

Big, heavy seeds Starch-rich, oil-rich → great food Survive winter: seed caching! Some caches: forgotten → tree seedling recruitment

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20

Scatter hoarding

puts seeds all over the place

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21

Larder hoarding:

in one place

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22

Comparison of dispersal distances

knowt flashcard image
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23

testa

Contains plant embryo1 , covered with protective seed coat

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24

radicle

Embryo: embryonic shoot, root3

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25

embryonic leaves

cotyledons4

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26

endosperm

Food for embryo

food storage cells inside seed; not part of embryo

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27

how is endosperm developed

developed through Double Fertilization

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28

Double Fertilization

(angiosperms only): parallel to fertilization of egg by pollen (→ embryo), one pollen nucleus (1n) fertilizes ‘central cell’ (2n) inside ovule → endosperm (3n)

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29

do all angios keep double fertilization goingn

no

Early on: abortion of endosperm

Food for embryo stored in cotyledons → cotyledons do not photosynthesize

Cotyledons C replaced by first true leaves T

<p>no </p><p></p><p>Early on: abortion of endosperm</p><p></p><p>Food for embryo stored in cotyledons → cotyledons do not photosynthesize</p><p></p><p>Cotyledons C replaced by first true leaves T</p>
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30

process of df when kept going

Endosperm: food for embryo

Food lasts until cotyledons start photosynthesis

Cotyledons C replaced by first true leaves (T)

<p>Endosperm: food for embryo</p><p></p><p>Food lasts until cotyledons start photosynthesis</p><p></p><p>Cotyledons C replaced by first true leaves (T)</p>
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31

In which of the 7 dispersal mechanisms do elaiosomes play a role?

Myrmecochory

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32

In which seed dispersal mode does the plant need to invest into a seed coat which is resistant to grinding or abrasion or acid

Endozoochory

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33

In which seed dispersal mode do plants need to construct parts which are under elastic pressure, where the power gets released as the seed matures and dries out

Ballistochory

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34

Which seed dispersal mode was the role model for the invention of Velcro?

Exozoochory

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35

Which dispersal mechanism involves seeds which are especially light and non-dense

Anemochory

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36
  1. Which seed dispersal mode relies on hoarding

Barochory

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37

Which seed dispersal mode is more common on high mountains above tree line, on islands and generally in areas without much tree cover?

Anemochory

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38

For which seed dispersal mode are fur and feathers important?

Exozoochory

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39

Which seed dispersal mode is especially important for Ontario’s spring ephemerals in forests?

Myrmecochory

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40

In which seed dispersal mode does the plant indicate to the dispersal agent when seeds are ripe?

Endozoochory

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41
  1. Which seed dispersal mode relies on the forgetfulness of the disperser?

Barochory

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42

When an endozoochorous fruit is eaten by an animal vector, the seed is most likely still viable after the gut passage

tru

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43

When an seed dispersed through barochory is eaten, it is still viable after gut passage.

false

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44

What is the food source for the embryo?

Endosperm

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45
  1. What is the name for the first generation leaves or embryonic leaves?

Cotyledons

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46
  1. What organ develops through double fertilization?

Endosperm

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47
  1. All angiosperms at least initiate the development of the endosperm

true

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48

ploidy levels cotyledons

diploid

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49

ploidy levels - embryo

diploid

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50

ploidy levels - endosperms

triplpoid

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51

Many angiosperms abort the development of the endosperm and the energy needed for the embryo gets absorbed into the cotyledons

True

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52

In angiosperms which store the food for the embryo in the cotyledons, the cotyledons are typically photosynthetic

false

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53
  1. When you are eating popcorn, what are you eating? Choose all appropriate solutions

food for the embryo, embryo, endosperm

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54
  1. When eating a peanut, you are mostly eating the…

Cotyledons

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55
  1. Where in the tree of life was the endosperm invented?

angio

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