Intro to exercise physio/perform exam 1

What is anatomy

body structure

What is mechanics

forces and their effect on objects (how the body moves)

What is the musculoskeletal system

skeletal muscles and skeleton work together to produce movement

What is physical activity

Body movement, “exercise science”, has 3 dimensions

What are the 3 dimensions of physical activity

sport/competitive, exercise, ADLs

What does kinesiology equal

biomechanics

What is biomechanics

how force generates movement in the body

What does exercise science include

exercise physiology, biomechanics, sport psych

What is a condyle

large, rounded projection

What is an epicondyle

projection above condyle

What is a process

any prominent projection

What is a trochanter

any large projection

What is a tubercle

small rounded projection

What is a tuberosity

large rounded or roughened projection

What is a fovea

very small pit or depression (on femur)

What is bilateral

2 sides/both sides

What is contralateral

Opposite sides

What is ipsilateral

same side

What is dexter

right (eye)

What is sinister

left (eye)

What is infermedial

below and medial

What is inferolateral

below and lateral

What is a movement on the sagittal (anteroposterior) plane

somersault movement

What is a movement on the frontal (coronal) plane

jumping jacks movement

What is a movement on the transverse (horizontal) plane

medicine ball horizontal movement

What are axes

has 90 degree relationships to that plane of movement named in relation to their orientation

What is the axes of rotation for sagittal

frontal

What is the axes of rotation for frontal

sagittal

What is the axes of rotation for transverse

vertical, longitudinal

What is a plane

reference/description of movement

What is a section

associated with planes, a static image

What is external rotation

longitudinal axis, away from midline

What is internal rotation

longitudinal axis, toward midline

What is eversion

weight on inner edge of foot

What is inversion

weight on outer edge of foot

What is pronation in foot

dorsiflexion and eversion and forefoot abduction

What is supination in the foot

plantar flexion, inversion and forefoot adduction

What is a joint (articulation)

Any point where 2 bones meet whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

Where do the names of joints come from

the names of the bones involved

What are joints classified as

structure and function

What are the classifications of a joint classified by structure

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the classifications of a joint classified by function

synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial

Why study joint structure/function

to predict the likelihood of injury

What is ROM

the area through which a joint may be moved normally (pain-free), ranges from person to person

How is ROM measured

using a goniometer

What is goniometry

used to measure both active (pt moves) and passive (PT moves) ROM

What is a lever

a (rigid) body to exert a force at one point of its length by the application of a force at a second and turning at a third on a fulcrum

What are levers in the body

bones

What is a fulcrum

axes of rotation (joint)

What is F_a

Applied force (muscle, weight)

What is F_R

resistive force (load we need to move, weight)

Do all skeletal muscles use levers

no

What happens if the M_AF is larger then M_RF

there is leverage

What is M_AF

moment arm associated with applied force (length)

What is M_RF

moment arm associated with resistive force

What is the equation for torque

force x length of moment arm

What is the equation for mechanical advantage

M_AF / M_RF

What is a first class lever

resistive force is on one side and applied force is on the other side of fulcrum, may or may not have mechanical advantage

What is a second class lever

applied force and resistive force are on the same side of fulcrum, M_AF>M_RF, has mechanical advantage

What is a third class lever

applied force and resistive force are on the same side of fulcrum, M_AF<M_RF, has no mechanical advantage

What type of levers are most joints in the body classified as

third class levers

What is the consequence to having third class levers

may have a torque problem (muscle force has to be high)

How does muscle force get reduced

fatigued

What is the biomechanical advantage to having a patella

increases the length of the moment arm associated with applied force

When the fulcrum changes what does it also change

the M_RF and M_AF, torque changes too

Torque is what

joint angle specific

Strength is what

joint angle specific

What is a disadvantage to having an insertion point farther from the joint

less power (work/time), slower in getting torque

What is an advantage to having an insertion point farther from joint

higher torque/mechanical advantage

What is an agonist

prime mover (PM)

What is an antagonist

opposes the actions of prime mover, does not generate force, stretches as a rubber band

What is a synergist

assists the agonist

What is concentric

contracting

What is ecentric

going back to normal position, force output (extension during bicep curl)

What are factors that contribute to strength

Neural control, muscle cross-sectional area, muscle fiber arrangement, muscle length, movement velocity, sources of resistance, strength-to-mass ratio/body size

What does neural control include

relative strength, hypertrophy, neural adaptation

What is relative strength

amount of force you can generate compared to your body weight

How can you improve relative strength

weight training

What is hypertrophy

Increase muscle mass/size (6 weeks to start to see it, if you see it at all, see it in the force output)

What is neural adaptation

happens quickly, how well brain/spinal cord and peripheral nerves are communicating with each other

What is muscle cross-sectional area

if it increases so does strength, hyperplasia, muscles get bigger by the muscle fibers getting bigger

What does volume deal with

length of muscle

What is hyperplasia

increase number of muscle fibers

When does penation increase

when cross section area increase

What is pinnation

the angle the muscle fiber makes with its tendon (obliqueness)

Is pinnation dynamic and can you change it on the fly

yes

More pinnate muscles increase what

torque and have a greater force potential

What is muscle length

the sweet spot where actin (thin) and myosin (thick) bind

When does optimal force output occur in a muscle

when its slightly stretched (120-130%)

What is isometric movement

have a movement velocity of 0

What is eccentric movement

max force output, produces soreness, important for strength and injury prevention

What is concentric movement

lowest force output

What is sources of resistance

stack machines (safe, skill, design flexibility, easy to use), whole body training, stimulation of real-life activities

You have more resistance where

the muscle could generate more torque, less where it can not

What relative strength exercises do we want to do

multi-joint exercises

Muscle force proportional to CSA causes what

linear body dimensions²

Muscle mass proportional to volume causes what

linear body dimensions³

As body size increases body mass does what

increase more rapidly than muscle strength

What is the equation for relative strength

load lift / body weight^2/3