Child Development questions

A parent is dismissive of an infant's wants and needs, making them appear absent in their life. What stage of Erikson's theory does this describe?

Trust versus Mistrust

Children who experienced learning during COVID have difficulty transitioning from online teaching to in-person teaching. What type of effect is this called?

Cohort Effect

A child becomes deeply curious about the differences between boys and girls, often asking questions about anatomy and showing increased awareness of gender roles. What stage of psychosexual development is this child in?

Phallic stage

When a child has their language skills gradually improve due to more exposure, is this viewed in the terms of discontinuity or continuity?

Continuity

A student is taking a math test and is able to systematically think about different equations to find the answer. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which stage is the student in?

A. Concrete Operational Stage

B. Formal Operational Stage

C. Pre-operational Stage

D. Sensorimotor Stage

B. Formal Operational Stage

Which decision would a student raised in a collectivist culture choose between attending a school near family and community ties versus a school far from home?

The school near family

A child living in a household that is more exposed to family turmoil, violence, and overcrowding is most likely living in....?

Poverty or low SES

Which of the following is an example of individualism in child development?

A. A child imitates their parents' every behavior to feel more connected to them.

B. A child chooses their own clothes in the morning, even if the outfit doesn't match.

C. A child shares their favorite toy with a friend to build a strong friendship.

D. A child follows all classroom rules without questioning them to avoid conflict.

B. A child chooses their own clothes in the morning, even if the outfit doesn't match.

A researcher is conducting a study that compares children's temperament from the United States to Japan, what type of study is this called?

Cross-cultural study

Timmy, an 8 year old kid, has been taught by his parents to avoid certain ethnic groups due to them being inferior. What would this be called?

Prejudice

A person with an epigenetic perspective would view the relationship between nature and nurture as?

Bidirectional

What prenatal diagnostic test is commonly used to detect genetic abnormalities in a fetus?

A. amniocentesis

B. ultrasound

C. Blood pressure monitoring

D. glucose screening

A. Amniocentesis

Natural selection is a process when the individuals that are the most _____ to their environment are more likely to survive and _____.

Adapted; reproduce

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23

This syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome

A first-time mother is holding her infant against her bare chest, with the baby dressed only in a diaper. The skin-to-skin contact is bonding the mother and newborn. What is this new mother practicing?

Kangaroo care

Mom will produce antibodies that will attach to the fetus when they both have ____.

Incompatible blood types

During the embryonic phase, a fetus starts forming organs in a process known as____.

Organogenesis

During birth, how many minutes apart do uterine contractions (colloquially known as contractions) occur?

15-20 minutes

If a fetus is unable to be born naturally or vaginaly, a _____ _____ may need to be performed.

Cesarean section

Sleep deprivation can help support brain development, emotional regulation, and academic performance, while adequate sleep can lead to mood disorders and impaired cognitive function. True or False?

False

During middle to late childhood, children typically grow about ___ inches per year.

2-3

Routine physical activity for children should occur ____, lasting ___ hours, to promote physical health and development.

Daily; at least two

Infants should consume approximately ___ calories a day per every pound they have. (This is more than twice what adults require per pound)

50

Children who engage in screen time activity are less likely to ____ daily

exercise

A doctor rubs the sole of an infant's foot, the infant's toes fan out and twist its foot. What reflex is the infant demonstrating?

Babinski

Moving one's arms and walking are examples of ____ motor skills.

Gross

At what age (months) will children start walking without assistance?

11-14 months

By what age (months) will children have the motor skills to throw a ball.

18-24 months

True or false, Infants have considerably worse vision than adults.

True

A parent is teaching their child how to ride a bike. First they provide training wheels, and as the child gains balance and confidence, they take the training wheels off. Eventually, the child rides independently without help. What theory of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is being shown here?

Scaffolding

What term does Piaget use to describe the process by which children transition from one stage of thought to the next?

A. Assimilation

B. Accommodation

C. Equilibration

D. Object permanence

C; Equilibration

Piaget's stage in which a child starts to logically reason and organize objects into different sets is known as the ______.

Concrete Operational Stage

Liam initially calls rats "mice" because he thinks they are the same animal due to them looking similar. However after learning more he calls them both separate things. Is this called accommodation or assimilation?

Accommodation

A task that is too difficult for a child to accomplish on their own but can be completed with guidance occurs within the ____ ___ _____ _____ according to Vygostsky

Zone of proximal development

A 7-year old child is doing homework at the table while their parents cook dinner. Despite the noise of the parents talking and making dinner, the child is focused on doing their homework without getting distracted. What type of attention is this child demonstrating?

Selective Attention

A child is solving a math problem, they are trying to remember the numbers they're adding while also deciding the next steps. What memory is this child demonstrating?

Working memory

During class the teacher writes down an equation on the board for the class to memorize, Lukas writes down the equation and repeatedly repeats to himself the equation to remember it for the next exam. What process is Lukas using to store information?

Encoding

Lily has been learning how to play the guitar for a year now, without thinking she can easily strum to any melody. What type of mechanism is Lily exhibiting?

Automaticity

Kenzie has to read two chapters of her assigned book for class discussion tomorrow. Even in a noisy area, she is able to take notes and read the chapters without stopping. What type of attention is this child showcasing?

Sustained attention

Kevin is playing video games in his room while there is a family party downstairs. At first the noise bothers him and he is not able to concentrate, however after some time he gets used to it. After an hour a loud crash is heard throughout the house and it breaks Kevin's concentration as he looks around. Is this dishabituation or habituation?

Dishabituation

Ryan is watching a show and sees a character get upset over their favorite toy being broken, even if it is not. However Ryan still understands the characters feelings and perspective. What concept is Ryan demonstrating?

A. Object permanence

B. False belief task

C. Self-awareness

D. Theory of Mind

D; Theory of Mind

A child in elementary school shows signs of exceptional ability or talent in multiple domains, such as mathematics, problem-solving, and music. They also have a high IQ. What is this child showing signs of ?

Giftedness

A child demonstrates an exceptional ability to understand and relate to other's emotions, effectively resolving conflicts in group settings. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, what theory does this child show?

Interpersonal intelligence

According to Howard Gerdner's theory of multiple intelligences, which type of intelligence involves understanding and effectively interacting with others?

A. Intrapersonal intelligence

B. Interpersonal intelligence

C. Verbal intelligence

D. Naturalist intelligence

B; Interpersonal Intelligence

Which person developed the first intelligence test and came up with mental age?

A. William Stern

B. David Wechsler

C. Alfred Binet

D. Piaget

C; Alfred Binet

_____ is the ability to think about situations with originality and generate innovative, unique solutions to problems.

Creativity

The technique ______can be described as when individuals come up with creative ideas in a group by saying whatever is on their minds and playing off what each other says.

Brainstorming

The type of intellectual disability in which the IQ ranges from 40-54 can be described as:

A. Mild

B. Moderate

C. Severe

D. Profound

B; moderate

The anxiety that one's actions may reinforce a negative stereotype associated with their social group is known as stereotype _____.

Threat

A child can differentiate between the sounds "p" and "b" and use them correctly in words like "pat" and "bat". What type of language rule system is being demonstrated?

Phonics

Sophia is talking to her friend about her new toy and she says "My new toy is fun" instead of "My new toy is fun". What part of language development is Sophia struggling with?

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Semantics

D. Phonology

B; Syntax

Charlie is sitting on her grandma's lap and keeps on making sounds such as "ba-ba-ba", "da-da-da", and "ma-ma-ma". What vocalization matches this situation?

A. Cooing

B. Babbling

C. Crying

D. Whaling

B; Babbling

At what age do infants speak their first words?

A. 6 months

B. 7-11 months

C. 8-12 months

D. 13 months

D; 13 months

Lena can understand her textbook and the basic information it provides, but when confronted with multiple perspectives she can't grasp the material. What reading stage is Lena most likely at?

A. First and second grade

B. High School

C. Fourth through eighth grades

D. Second and third grades

C; Fourth through eighth grades

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of goodness of fit in child development?

A. A parent insists that their shy child participate in large group activities to overcome their fear, without considering the child’s comfort level.

B. A parent encourages their shy child to join small group activities, providing support to gradually build the child's confidence.

C. A parent avoids involving their shy child in any social activities to protect them from discomfort.

D. A parent expects their shy child to adapt to every situation without providing any additional support.

B; A parent encourages their shy child to join small group activities, providing support to gradually build the child's confidence.

______ are emotions that are present in the first six months of a human infant's development; they are present in humans and other animals.

Primary emotions

The type of cry babies have that happens suddenly and followed by breath holding. Moaning is present and it involves a high-intensity stimulus.

A. Pain cry

B. Basic cry

C. Sad cry

D. Anger cry

A; Pain cry

The type of smile that infants display that occurs as a result of an external stimulus.

Social smile

When Liam moved to another school/daycare, he whined and cried loudly because he missed his old school. For the next week he threw tantrums and was aversive towards the staff and teachers. What type of temperament does Liam have?

A. Difficult child

B. Easy child

C. Slow-to-warm-up child

D. Insecure child

A; Difficult child

A 12 year old girl understands that she is a middle school student, a cheerleader, and in the midst of puberty. What is this 12 year old girl demonstrating?

A. self understanding

B. personal identity

C. self concept

D. assessment

A; Self understanding

The tendency for individuals to compare themselves to others, known as _____, becomes more frequent during adolescence.

social comparison

_____ is the social-cognitive skill that involves putting oneself in another person's place to better understand their thoughts and emotions.

Perspective taking

Which identity status describes someone who has gone through a period of exploration and has made a clear commitment?

A. Identity diffusion

B. Identity foreclosure

C. Identity moratorium

D. Identity achievement

D; identity achievement

What is NOT a main characteristic of self-understanding in young children?

A. Physical description

B. Confusion of self, mind, and body

C. Unrealistic positive overestimations

D. Ability to understand other perspectives

D; Ability to understand other perspectives

Ashley is expressing her frustration towards Michael about not getting enough sleep, hoping that he'll listen and offer support. Michael then tells Ashley how to directly fix her sleeping schedule. In this example, Ashley is using ______ talk and Michael is using _______talk.

rapport; report

A teacher assumes that boys are naturally better at math and encourages only the male students to join the advanced math club. What did the teacher just do?

Gender stereotype

Blake is in a traditional community that believes boys should suppress their emotions and be in a provider role. After some time, Blake believes this view. Does social cognitive theory or social role theory fit this situation better?

social role theory

Oliva walks through the store and sees a nerf gun and wants to get it, but she stops and doesn't ask because she believes those types of toys are for boys only. What type of theory best explains Olivia's thinking?

A. Social role theory

B. Social cognitive theory

C. Gender schema theory

D. Operant conditioning

C; Gender schema theory

When Ava plays basketball, she gets praise from her gym teacher saying that she is as good as the boys and Ava thinks to herself why is he comparing me to boys, I'm just good at basketball. This is an example of what?

A. Gender-role transcendence

B. Gender stereotype

C. Labeling theory

D. Social cognitive theory

A; Gender-role transcendence

Alice knows that it is wrong to steal the candy bar in the store, however when she is given the opportunity to steal when the store owner looks away, she takes it. This shows that Alice has ______ moral competence and _________ moral performance.

A. Low; high

B. High; low

C. Low; low

D. High; high

B; High; low

Which discipline technique is most focused on helping a child understand how their actions affect others and encouraging empathetic behavior?

Induction

Rachel and Rafael are both playing with legos. Rafael has made a large tower and Rachel accidentally tips it over, causing it to break. Rachel immediately breaks down because no matter the intent behind breaking the tower, she believes what she did was bad. Is this type of thinking heteronomous or autonomous?

Heteronomous thinking

______ is a disciplinary method where a parent withholds affection or attention, such as by refusing to speak to the child or expressing disapproval.

Love Withdrawal

When John is walking through his neighborhood, he sees a missing poster of a cat. As he walks some more he finds the missing cat and in order to keep the community happy, he returns it instead of keeping it himself. What type of Kohlberg's reasoning best represents this?

A. Pre-conventional reasoning

B. Conventional reasoning

C. Post-conventional reasoning

D. Ethical reasoning

B; Conventional reasoning

Alex is playing with toys with his little sister Caitlyn and decides to throw the toy right at her, which causes her to cry. His parents then quickly reprimand him that this behavior is not acceptable and bans toys for a couple of days. According to Grusec and Davidov's perspective on domain specific socialization, this is an example of which domain?

control

Carlos rarely has to do chores, has no restriction on what he can have for dinner, and often says "yes" to him whenever he wants something because they want him to be happy. What parenting style best represents this example?

A. Authoritative

B. Neglectful

C. Indulgent

D. Authoritarian

C; Indulgent

Everytime Mia comes home to her mother with an unsatisfactory score on her test, her mother yells at her frequently, saying that she's "worthless" and continues to belittle her until Mia cries. According to the four types of child maltreatment, which best represents this situation?

A. Physical abuse

B. Child neglect

C. Sexual abuse

D. Emotional abuse

D; Emotional abuse

Logan and Catherine are both siblings and live under the same household. However, Logan is more outgoing and sociable but struggles with academics while Catherine is more reserved but excels in her studies. Both Logan and Catherine get accepted into university but for different reasons. This is an example of what concept?

A. Universal developmental theory

B. Single development trajectory

C. Multiple development trajectory

D. Continuous development

C; Multiple development trajectory

Sarah's parents have been informing her to respect boundaries to avoid conflict, stand up for herself to avoid bullying, and to avoid giving out her information to strangers for safety reasons. According to Grusec and Davidov's perspective on domain specific socialization, this is an example of which domain?

Protection

During school, Alex is always being approached by somebody and is constantly picked first during group projects or games. Marco, on the other hand, rarely engages with other people in class and is constantly left out during recess. According to the five peer statuses, Alex is a _______ child and Marco is a _______ child.

popular; neglected

At recess, the children start playing cops and robbers and make official rules on where the jail is set up and how the team is divided while taking turns. What type of play is this?

A. Game play

B. Practice play

C. Pretense/symbolic play

D. Constructive play

A; Game play

Which of the following is a function of friendship?

A. Companionship

B. Physical Support

C. Ego Support

D. Intimacy/Affection

E. All of the above

E; All of the above

When Alex is at school, she takes a certain path to hopefully get a glimpse of her hallway crush, even if she has never met him before. What stage is Alex at in her romantic relationships?

A. Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

B. Entry into romantic attractions

C. Exploring romantic interactions

D. Early emotional rehearsal

B; Entry into romantic attractions

Steven is on the basketball team and is well known by everyone in the school due to his prowess. However, he is also known to bully people and most students avoid him. What peer status best represents Steven?

Controversial

During a math class, the teacher directly lays out the divisional problems on the board. He uses linear and clear step-by-step examples on how to do long division. At the same time, the students carefully listen and apply the same instruction onto their practice problems. This is an example of what kind of approach towards teaching?

Direct instruction approach

John goes to a school where he is able to choose his own learning. He frequently ignores history subjects and goes towards science based learning. What type of approach does this school partake in?

A. Direct Instruction Approach

B. Constructivist Approach

C. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

D. Montessori Approach

D; Montessori Approach

When Kylie tries to read a book, she has a hard time decoding words and has trouble coming across unfamiliar words. What type of learning disability is this?

A. Dyslexia

B. Dysgraphia

C. Dyscalculia

D. None of the above

A; Dyslexia

Mary is taking a long test and has trouble focusing on it. She often gets distracted by looking at the classroom posters or by daydreaming which leads to her unable to finish the test. What disorder does Mary have?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Dylan is a 5 year old boy and he often struggles with certain social cues and has a hard time maintaining eye contact. He also likes for routines to stay the same and will line up his toys in a specific order. What type of disorder does Dylan have?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)