Physiology 1.1-1.2 Organizations of the Body

Anatomy:

The study of the structure of the body

The function of Tissues or organs is closley linked to?

Its structure

ex. The structure of the heart makes it possible for the heart to function as an electromechanical pump

Physiology

study of normal function in living systems

study of the biological function of how the body works

Beginning from study of individual molecules to complex processes that integrate functions of many organs in a body

Cause and effect sequences

adrenaline making heart beat faster; more blood to organs increases heart rate

How does an increase in the metabolic activity of a muscle lead to an increase in blood flow to that muscle

Metabolic activity of organ increases→Oxygen decreases and metabolites in organ interstitial fluid increase→Arteriolar dilation in organ→Blood flow to organ increases

When does a muscle uses more oxygen and nutrients

When there is an increase in the metabolic activity of a muscle

muscle activity requires more oxygen and nutrients

What does an increase in blood flow provide?

additional oxygen and nutrients

Pathophysiology

studying how and why normal function goes wrong as in human diseases

What is/are the Organization/Layers of the Body?

Cells→Tissues→Organs→Organ Systems→ organism(body)

Cells

simplest structural units in which complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain characteristics of life

Functions that are characteristic of life and common to almost all cells?

1. Cells exchange materials with their environment (Oxygen, Carbon dioxide)

2. They obtain energy from organic nutrients (Glucose)

3. They synthesize (Produce) complex molecules

4. They can duplicate themselves

5. They detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment

Cell differentiation

Cells specializing to perform certain functions

Differentiated Cells

1. Muscle cells (Myocytes) (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle)

2. neural cells (neurons)

3. epithelial

4. connective tissue cells

Tissues

an aggregate of differentiated cells with similar properties/functions

Kinds of Tissues

1. Muscle

2. Nervous

3. Connective

4. Epithelial

The muscles tissues are specailized to do what?

generate mechanical force by contraction for a variety of functions

voluntary vs involuntary

Voluntary: under conscious control

Involuntary: Activity of the muscle cannot be consciously altered

Is Skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

Is Cardiac and Smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary

Involuntary

Neurons

specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells

What do neurons control?

The activity of other cells

A collection of neurons forms?

Nervous tissue (Brain, spinal cord)

Cellular extensions and their role with connective tissue?

Are from many neurons and are packaged with connective tissue to form nerves that carry electrical signals from the nervous system to other parts

What are epithelial cells specialized for?

Selective secretion, absorption of ions and organic molecules, and protection

What are epethial cells based on?

Shape or arrangement of cells

Ex. Simple epithelium (One cell-thick layer)

stratified epithelium (multiple layers of cells)

Connective tissue cells

connect, anchor, and support structures of the body

Ex. Loose and Dense connective tissue

where are some connective-tissue cells found?

in the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying most epithelial layers (Loose connective tissue) and dense connective tissue, which includes the tough, rigid tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments

What does connective tissue form around cells?

The extracellular matrix

What is the role of the ECM

provides a scaffold for cellular attachments and also transmits information to cells to regulate their activity, migration, growth, and differentiation

composed of fibrous proteins(collagen, and elastin) polysaccharides, minerals

Organ

Collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve common function (heart/kidney)

Organ systems

organs linked together to serve an overall function

Ex. cardiovascular system or urinary system

Urinary System

consists of the Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra

The organism coordinates the activities of these systems to?

maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)