yay more bio review (its 2 am.)

First division of meiosis

Chromosome number is cut in half because matching chromosomes separate

Prophase I events

Chromosomes pair up and swap DNA pieces called crossing over

Cause of nondisjunction

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase I

Meiosis only process

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell

Meiosis in male animals

Four gametes are made each with the same number of chromosomes

Always passed in sexual reproduction

A haploid set of chromosomes from the mother

Chromatid relationship

Chiasmata form between non sister chromatids

Shared feature of meiosis and mitosis

Chromatids separate in both processes

Tetrad chromosome count

If a tetrad has 48 chromosomes then diploid number is 24

Meiosis II unique event

Sister chromatids move to opposite poles

Independent assortment meaning

Homologous chromosome pairs line up randomly in metaphase I which creates variation

Meiosis vs mitosis summary

Meiosis makes four unique haploid cells for reproduction with crossing over and random assortment / mitosis makes two identical diploid cells for growth and repair

Importance of meiosis in evolution

Creates variation so some traits help survival and can be selected

Process not in stroma

Reduction of NADP does not happen in the stroma

ATP role in photosynthesis

ATP moves energy from light reactions to Calvin cycle

Chlorophyll location

Found in the thylakoid membrane

Light dependent reaction result

ATP and oxygen are made

ATP production in PSII

Light excites electrons / electrons move through ETC / water replaces electrons / protons build up / ATP synthase makes ATP

Light reactions support Calvin cycle

ATP gives energy and NADPH gives electrons to make sugar

Mitochondria and chloroplast similarities

Both have double membranes and folded inner membranes

Mitochondria vs chloroplast function

Mitochondria break down food to make ATP / chloroplasts use light to make glucose

Photolysis

Water is split to replace electrons and oxygen is released

Light as limiting factor

Low light means fewer excited electrons so less ATP and NADPH

Temperature as limiting factor

Low temperature slows enzymes / high temperature denatures enzymes

Round green seed prediction

About 101 round green seeds are expected

DNA methylation reset reason

Allows early development genes to turn on

Recombinant guinea pig genotypes

rrDd and Rrdd are recombinant types

Linked gene gametes

All four gamete types are produced equally

Morgan fly experiment conclusion

Red eye allele is dominant

Cause of continuous variation

Traits controlled by many genes

Blood group parent genotypes

Parents are IAi and IBi

Allele definition

Different forms of a gene with small base changes

Wolf recombinant phenotypes

Black coat with brown eyes and black coat with yellow green eyes

Inheritance test method

Chi squared test compares expected and observed results

Observed vs expected fly ratios

More rare combinations appeared than expected

Mesocosm advantage

Allows controlled study in near natural conditions

Sweet pea F1 genotype

CcRr

9 to 7 ratio explanation

Complementary genes both needed for purple color

Cross outcome prediction

CcRr and ccRr offspring are expected

Twin methylation differences

Caused by different environments and experiences

Thrombophilia probability based on pedigree chart

There is a fifty percent chance

Not sex linked evidence

Males can carry the allele

Polyploid speciation evidence

Polyploid plants can breed with each other

Hardy Weinberg assumption

Population must be large

Dog domestication type

Artificial selection by humans

Wolf mating isolation

Behavioral isolation even though offspring are possible

Peppered moth change cause

Less pollution helped light moths survive

Quill similarity reason

Same environment caused similar traits

Natural selection result

Some traits become less common

Bat and insect wings

Analogous structures with same function

Closest elephant relative

Mammoth

Elephant evolution type

Divergent evolution

Finch beak development

Different diets favored different beak shapes

Hybridization barriers

Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers prevent fertile offspring

Virus envelope origin

Membrane comes from host cell

Virus cell origin evidence

Shared enzymes and genetic material suggest common origin

Lytic vs lysogenic difference

Lysogenic inserts viral DNA into host DNA

Virus structure X

Capsid

Virus structure feature

Has genetic material and a protein coat

Disease from animals

Zoonosis

Why viruses are not living

They cannot metabolize or reproduce alone

Lysogenic reproduction

Viral DNA joins host DNA and copies with it

Viral vector use

Virus inserts new gene into host DNA

Virus and cell similarity

Both contain genetic material