Compounding Lab Final Questions

LAW of torsion balance and electronic balance

5 mg x 100% / 5% = 100 mg LAW

% error equation

(theoretical - experimental)/ theoretical x 100

what is LAW

least amount you can weigh non a balance within the acceptance accuracy of the sensitivity requirement

why is LAW important

to be sure you are weighing accurately

How do pharmacists measure liquids

at eye level

percent error formula

(actual-theoretical)/theoretical x 100

what are sucrose and sucralose used for?

which is natural and which is synthetic?

sweeteners

natural: sucrose

synthetic: sucralose

whats different about sucralose

has Cl atoms so it can't be metabolized by the body

What is geometric dilution?

Ingredients mixed together in equal proportions to ensure compounded substance result in evenly mixed substance

What causes the difference in the weight delivered when water and glycerin are measured?

H-bonding

Density

When would you choose to use a cylindrical graduate

deliver volumes > 20 mL and fluid liquids that are less viscous

whats more accurate cylindrical or conical graduates

cylindrical

What is the most accurate measuring device when dispensing liquid medication

syringe

what should you use a beaker to measure

never

what type of tablet split easiest

ones that are scored

ones that are not for modified release (delayed release)

What method of breaking tablets generated the least error

tablet splitter

why is tablet splitting an issue today

-not all tablets are scored

-you can lose some active ingredient

-sometimes insurance wont let you get 2 tablets of a lower dose, they would rather you get 1 tablet of a higher dose and split it in half

what size is the largest capsule?

#00

what is inversion of sucrose

sucrose undergoes hydrolyses and turns into glucose and fructose

why doesnt simple syrup USP need preserved water

because its protected from microbial growth via its high solute concentration

how can you prevent inversion of sucrose

keep water at constant temp (don't overheat)

remove from heat when adding sucrose

pour sucrose slowly

What do preservatives do?

Prevent microbial growth in preparations due to the distilled water

Parabens mechanism of action as a preservative

disrupt membrane transport processes of microorganisms

why are methyl and propyl paragon commonly used

they are generally recognized as the safest for food and cosmetic usage

aliquot

a portion of a mixture

KNOW HOW TO DO ALIQUOT CALCULATIONS

What is the indication of chlorpheniramine maleate?

Antihistamine

Levigation

triturating a powder drug with a solvent in which it is insoluble to reduce its particle size

Why would a sugar-free preparation of chlorpheniramine maleate solution be used?

-patients with diabetes

-its more stable in sorbitol (longer shelf-life)

Why cant you flavor the omeprazole with acidic flavoring?

acid compromises stability, suspension must be > 8

What is the therapeutic classification of acetaminophen?

Analgesic and antipyretic

What tests measure stability in emulsions

Coalescence, creaming, and phase inversion

Specific gravity

mass/volume

Most important counseling point for suspensions

Always shake suspensions well before dispensing or taking a dose

uses for Sorbitol Solution

sweeter

laxative

use of Stevioside

sweetener

uses for Xanthan gum

suspending agent and prevents separation

uses for glycerin USP

sweetener

dispersing agent

suspending agent

uses for peppermint oil

flavor

uses for calamine

antipruritic

uses for zinc oxide

convert skin irritations

astringent

What does thixotropic mean?

viscosity that decreases when a stress is applied

What is unique about the rheology of bentonite magma?

thixotropic

-semisolid when standing and liquified when shaken

-suspending agent

thixotropic is also called...

shear thinning

Why was calamine lotion included in the suspensions laboratory?

flocculation

used as a suspension medium for active ingredient particles

suspension for topical use is also called a...

lotion

Vanishing creams are desirable because they "vanish" leaving only a thin layer of the active ingredient on the skin.

Describe how you would have added a medicinal agent when preparing the vanishing cream formulation.

Dissolve the medicinal agent, then add to mix

What is the method of ointment preparation used to prepare both the Vanishing Cream and Dermal Lubricant Lotion

fusion method

surfactant in vanishing cream

lauryl sulfate

surfactant in dermal lubricant lotion

trolamine and stearic acid

What is the purpose of sorbitol in a topical formulation?

humectant (retains moisture)

Why are surfactants necessary in lotions and creams?

necessary in lotions and creams to blend organic and aqueous phase and makes them easier to spread

what preservative was used in dermal lubricant lotion

methy/propyl-parabens

What type of ointment base is Hydrophilic Ointment Base?

What characteristics lead you to this conclusion?

O/W

Hydrophilic ointment base = water loving = water base

What happened when you triturated the camphor and menthol?

when they were triturated, they melted into a liquid with no heat

what type of mixture was formed by the menthol and camphor?

eutectic

What is a eutectic mixture?

A eutectic mixture is two or more components that melt at a temperature lower than the melting temperature for the individual components.

why do camphor and menthol melt

when mixed their melting points drop

PLO gels at cool temp and at room temp

cool temp= liquid

room temp = solid

identify a possible use (clinical purpose) for including the Sulfur in the ointment product.

acne, seborrhea, scabies

BUD for semi-solids

90 days

Indication for iodine ointment

Antiseptic to clean cuts, scrapes, infections caused by bacteria

Counseling points for iodine ointment

May cause irritation or burning, do not cover wounds, keep away from eyes, topical use only

What is the purpose of the trolamine in the Carbopol Gel?

-gelling agent

-neutralize by increasing pH, which turns it into a gel

advantages of PLO gels

can easily penetrate through skin to get a faster administration/effect of drug. Can do this because of versatility and can be used for oil/water drugs

use for poloxamer gel base

dissolves water soluble drugs

Why did the poloxamer gel base have to be refrigerated?

it solidifies quickly at room temp

indication for Ketoprofen 5% PLO Gel

anti-inflammatory

Rationale for gummy gel dosage form

easier to administer to children

Rationale for [estrogen] gel dosage form

avoids the first pass effect

Rationale for [ketoprofen] PLO gel dosage form

quick absorption; rapidly penetrates through the skin

What important distinction should be made between the two suppository prescriptions both on the label and inpatient counseling?

Ibuprofen = RECTAL

Progesterone =VAGINAL

Counseling points for rectal rocket

-Expel fecal material first

-Wash hands/use gloves

-Lie down for at least 6 hours after inserting

-Normal for the flange to be found somewhere in bed

-Should be inserted with the narrow end first

-Refrigerate

Why is Fattibase a good base for the rectal rocket?

it will melt easier, therefore it will be administered quicker. It also will have a more localized effect for a longer time and won't irritate the rectal mucosa

Is it better to underfill, overfill or fill exactly at the line when pouring suppositories into their molds?

overfill

what are PEG polymers high and low in

high in solids

low in liquid

what are PEG polymers with fat good for, and why?

used for the rectum

they melt at body temp and increases absorption

what are PEG polymers with water good for?

prolonged release

Why is PEG used in vaginal suppositories

miscibility in water/mucous secretions. It is also slowly released, so that the endometrium can be maintained

What precautions should you take when working with progesterone? Why?

Progesterone is a hazardous drug in USP 800, so it should be compounded accordingly. It could be harmful to the person preparing or handling the suppository. The hormones can penetrate the skin from just touching it, so you should always wear gloves and a mask when handling.

You wrapped the progesterone suppositories in foil. What is the purpose of wrapping the suppositories in foil? How does this affect your patient counseling?

-Suppositories are wrapped in foil for pharmaceutical elegance and to protect it from moisture, oxygen and light

-Remove the foil before inserting

what is the indication for Acyclovir Lip Balm, and why is it used?

-cold sore treatment

-quickest way to get active ingredient delivered, able to be applied more locally

Why did you have to select an aromatic oil as your flavorant for the Acyclovir lip balm?

Prevent rancidity

Dissolves better in the base

-dont want the patient to lick the medication off

-pharmaceutical elegance

What are characteristics of drugs that are readily absorbed via the buccal route?

Low molecular weight, lipophilic

(so it can move across cell membranes)

What advantages do the waxy type troches have over oral dosage forms?

Avoids first-pass metabolism

What warnings or counseling points would be prudent to discuss with patients for gummy bears and troches

don't chew, allow to dissolve

what 2 things make up 2 piece hard shell capsules

gelatin and water

or

hydromellose

What would be the indication of nystatin in the troches?

oral fungal infection (yeast infection)

what goes inside of capsules

usually powders

what can't go in capsues

aqueous solutions

what are soft gels good for

non-aqueous liquids but also suspensions, pastes, powders

what type of fillers are used for capsules

lactose diluent

microcrystalline cellulose

starch

What is flocculation?

When fine particles are caused to clump together.

Which routes of administration are suppositories used for?

rectally and vaginally

What are some specific patient populations in which lollipops have advantages?

-Children

-patients with throat cancer

-patients who have had tonsils removed

what shouldn't been used in lollipops

Heat-labile drugs

What does Mo99 decay into?

Mo99 (parent isotope) decays into → Tc99m (used for diagnostic procedures) which is obtained from a generator

difference between a wet and dry generator

-Wet- generator constantly bathed in saline

-Dry- must add saline to system before elution

when is therapeutic nuclear pharmacy used?

isotopes used to ablate thyroid, treat cancer bone pain, treat non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

half life equation

t1/2 = 0.693/k

use for lactose

filler