civics midterm study guide 2022

Who helped to defeat British troops at Yorktown

The french

Charter

a formal document issued by the king that outlined a colony's geographic boundaries and specified how it would be governed

How did the Native Americans help the French during the French and Indian War

The Native Americans became the french's allies

Mayflower Compact

an agreement that Pilgrims wrote and signed describing how they would govern themselves in the Americas

First European settlers in New York state

James, the Duke of York

Which Europeans settled along the Hudson and established patroons

The Dutch

What was the first major reason for the original settlers leaving Europe

religion

What religion developed from Catholicism

Roman Catholicism

Militia

a small army made up of ordinary citizens who are trained to fight in an emergency

Group that controlled economic and political life in the Southern colonies

House of Burgesses

Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s

Middle passage of triangular trade

brought the slaves from West Africa to the West Indies

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

In 1776, a Patriot published a fiery pamphlet in which he scoffed at the idea that Americans owed any loyalty to King George.

Olive Branch Petition

In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress sent a petition to George III asking him to end the quarrel.

Tea Act

lowered the cost of tea that was sold by the British East India Company in the colonies

Role of Friedrich von Steuben

He was in charge of training

Treaty of Paris

a peace treaty which had three important parts. First, Great Britain agreed to recognize the United States as an independent nation. Second, Great Britain gave up its claims to all lands between the Atlantic Coast and the Mississippi River, from the border of Canada south to Florida. Third, the United States agreed to return all rights and property taken from Loyalists during the war.

Why did the Hessians fight

George III hired 30,000 mercenaries from Germany.

Stamp Act reaction

Loyalists simply refused to buy stamps, while other colonists protested the Stamp Act by sending messages to Parliament. Patriots took more violent action.

Where in North America was the first English settlement

Jamestown, Virginia

Navigation Acts

acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods

Where did the colonists believe that fighting with the British would first break out

New England

Indentured servant

a person who signs and is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time especially in return for payment of travel expenses and maintenance

Why were most settlements near waterways

they fish and drinking water

Which proposal sought to unite the colonists against the French

the Albany Plan

Name of post the Washington established in Ohio

Fort Duquesne

Continental Congress

The first one was in September 1774, some 50 leaders from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia. The meeting brought together delegates from most of the British colonies on the North American continent.

First Constitution of the US

The Articles of Confederation

Enlightenment

the "Age of Reason" in 17th and 18th century Europe

Shays' Rebellion

In Massachusetts, judges ordered farmers to sell their land and livestock to pay off their debts. Led by Daniel Shays, a hero of Bunker Hill, Massachusetts farmers rebelled.

Separation of powers

to create a unified nation while also protecting local control

Great Compromise

The compromise plan kept a two-house Congress. The first house, the House of Representatives, would represent the people. In this house, the number of representatives from each state would be based on the state's population. The second house, the Senate, would represent the states. Each state would have two senators, to be elected by their state legislatures.

Northwest Ordinance

includes a list of rights that gave settlers the same privileges as other citizens

Law that stopped the spread of slavery to the west

Northwest Ordinance

Main hub of shipping trade location in North America

New England

Writs of assistance

an order directing that a party convey, deliver, or turn over a deed, document, or right of ownership

Committee of correspondence

emergency provisional governments set up in the 13 American colonies in response to British policies leading up to the Revolutionary War

Final authority in federal government

The Supreme Court of the United States

Constitutional Convention leader

George Washington

Amendment process

may be proposed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress, or, if two-thirds of the States request one, by a convention called for that purpose. The amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths of the State legislatures, or three-fourths of conventions called in each State for ratification.

Why did Roger Sherman clash with the Puritans

He did not think anyone should determine how people should practice religion

What did Washington help to do with the soldiers who weren't paid

He fought for them to have Congress pay them

Viewpoint of Separatists

similar beliefs about religious freedom