Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
CARBOHYDRATES
Major source of energy from our diet.
C, H, and O
CARBOHYDRATES Composed of the elements: ____________
saccharides
CARBOHYDRATES is also known as ___________
sugar
saccharides means ____________
CARBOHYDRATES
Produced by photosynthesis in plants.
CARBOHYDRATES
Are oxidized in living cells (respiration) to produce CO2, H20, and energy.
CARBOHYDRATES
“Hydrate of carbon”.
CARBOHYDRATES
Derived from the formula Cn(H2O)m
Glucose
C6H12O6 or C6(H2O)6
CARBOHYDRATES
Provides energy.
Glycogen
provides short term energy reserves.
CARBOHYDRATES
Supply carbon for synthesis of other biochemical substances.
CARBOHYDRATES
Part of the structure of DNA and RNA
CARBOHYDRATES
Linked to lipids – in cell membrane.
CARBOHYDRATES
Linked to proteins – in biological recognition processes
CARBOHYDRATES
Regulation of blood sugar.
CARBOHYDRATES
Spare the use of protein for energy
CARBOHYDRATES
Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis.
CARBOHYDRATES
Provide flavor and sweetness.
CARBOHYDRATES
Source of dietary fibers
Superimposable Mirror Images
coincide at all points when images are laid upon each other
Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
not all points coincide when images are laid upon each other.
Chiral Center
Atom in a molecule that has four different tetrahedrally bonded to it.
TRUE
Mirror images are NOT superimposable
T/F
Isomers
compounds possessing identical molecular formulas but different structures
Geometric
Isomers differ in their spatial arrangement about a double bond
Optical
Isomers differ in the arrangement of atoms in 3D space which create mirror images of each other
Structural Isomers
same molecular formula but differ from each other by having different structures.
Stereoisomerism
same molecular formula and same structure but differ in configuration.
Stereoisomerism
differ in arrangement of their atoms in space.
Stereoisomerism
presence of chiral centers allows for the formation of stereoisomers.
D and L, Optical, Epimerism, α and β anomerism.
Types of Stereoisomerism Associated with Glucoses:
Enantiomers
molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other.
Diastereomers
molecules are not mirror images of each other.
Optical Isomerism
optical activity is the capacity of a substance to rotate the plane polarized light passing through it.
Dextrorotatory(d) or (+)
Optical Isomerism
Clockwise direction
Levorotatory(l) or (-)
Optical Isomerism
Counterclockwise direction
chiral compounds
______________ rotate polarized light clockwise or counterclockwise through a certain angle.
Epimerism
if two monosaccharide differ from each other in their configuration around a single specific carbon (other than anomeric) atom
Anomerism
isomers obtained from the change of position of hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon e.g. α and β glucose are 2 anomers.
Anomerism
Also α and β fructose are 2 anomers
Mutarotation
the change in the specific optical rotation by the interconversion of α and β forms of D glucose to an equilibrium mixture.
Monosaccharide
simplest carbohydrates
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
2-10 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
many monosaccharides
3-6
MONOSACCHARIDE typically consists of __________ carbon atoms
MONOSACCHARIDE
A carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
MONOSACCHARIDE
Several hydroxyl groups.
MONOSACCHARIDE
Colorless, crystalline solids.
Aldose
Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group.
Triose
With many hydroxyl (–OH) groups: ________________ = 3 C atoms
Tetrose
With many hydroxyl (–OH) groups: __________ = 4 C atoms
Pentose
With many hydroxyl (–OH) groups: _____________ = 5 C atoms
Hexose
With many hydroxyl (–OH) groups: _____________ = 6 C atoms
Ketose
Monosaccharides with a ketone group.
D-glucose
Found in fruits, corn syrup, and honey.
D-glucose
An aldohexose with the formula = C6H12O6
D-glucose
Known as blood sugar in the body
D-glucose
The monosaccharide in polymers of starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
70-90
In the body, glucose has a normal blood level of ________ mg/dL/
Glucose Tolerance Test
measures blood glucose for several hours after ingesting glucose.
D-fructose
Is a ketohexose = C6H12O6
D-fructose
The sweetest carbohydrate
D-fructose
Found in fruit juices and honey.
D-fructose
Converts to glucose in the body.
D-galactose
An aldohexose = C6H12O6
D-galactose
Not found free in nature.
D-galactose
Obtained from lactose, a disaccharide.
D-galactose
A similar structure to glucose except for the –OH on C4.
Fischer Projection
Straight chain structural formula
Haworth Projection
Cyclic formula or ring structure.
X-ray Diffraction Analysis
Boat and chair form
Hermann Emil Fischer (German)
Fischer Projection - Developed by __________________________
Fischer Projection
Used to represent carbohydrates.
Fischer Projection
Places the most oxidized group at the top
Fischer Projection
Shows chiral carbons as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines
Walter Norman Haworth (British).
Haworth Projection - Developed by ___________________
Haworth Projection
Two-dimensional structural annotation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of monosaccharide.
Cyclic Structures
The prevalent form of monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms
Cyclic Structures
Formed when the hydroxyl group on C5 reacts with the aldehyde or ketone group.
DISACCHARIDES
Glycosides formed by the condensation of 2 simple sugars.
non-reducing
If the glycosidic linkage involves the carbonyl groups of both sugars (sugars) the resulting disaccharide is _________
reducing
If the glycosidic linkage involves the carbonyl group of only one of the 2 sugars (as in maltose and lactose) the resulting disaccharide is _____________.
Maltose
Known as “malt sugar”
Maltose
Composed of 2 D-glucose molecules.
Maltose
Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch.
Maltose
Linked by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond formed from the α –OH on C1 of the first glucose and –OH on C4 of the second glucose.
Maltose
Used in cereals, candies, and brewing
Maltose
Found in both the α- and β- forms
Lactose
A disaccharide of β-D-galactose and α- or β-D-glucose
Lactose
Contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond
Lactose
Found in milk and milk products
Sucrose
“Table sugar”.
Sucrose
Obtained from sugarcane and sugar beets
Sucrose
Consists of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose.
Sucrose
Has an α, β-1,2-glycosidic bond.
Fructose
sweetest
Fructose
even sweeter than sucrose
Honey
D-fructose and D-glucose