PRAXIS Exam Prep: Practice Test #2 (Class Resource)

Mental discipline is the view that learning certain subjects (e.g. classics, mathematics) enhances mental functioning better than other subjects. Thorndike tested this view and found

a. Great support of mental discipline

b. Students who had greater ability to begin with made best progress regardless of what they studied

c. Drilling students on specific skills does assist in mastery

d. Students became proficient if they applied skills learned

b. Students who had greater ability to begin with made best progress regardless of what

According to Pavlov, generalization is said to occur when

a. A conditioned response to one stimulus can also be elicited by another dissimilar but nearly similar

b. Conditioned reflexes are strengthened which reinforces repetition

c. Initial random behavior is followed by a cat “catching on” and quickly opening the door

d. Conditioned responses gradually disappear without reinforcement

a. A conditioned response to one stimulus can also be elicited by another dissimilar but nearly similar

Cognitive theorists recognize learning involves associations established through

a. Contiguity and repetition

b. Meaningful effects

c. a only

d. a & b

d. a & b

Constructivists believe

a. Much of reality is shared through social negotiation

b. Learning is a mechanistic process

c. Learners construct their own reality, or at least interpret it, based upon their

perceptions of experience so an individual’s knowledge is a function of one’s prior

experiences, mental structures, and beliefs

d. None of the above

c. Learners construct their own reality, or at least interpret it, based upon their

perceptions of experience so an individual’s knowledge is a function of one’s prior

experiences, mental structures, and beliefs

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes the ___________ as a facilitator of development and learning

a. Social environment

b. Use of cultural tools

c. Process of reinforcement

d. Level of transfer

a. Social environment

Empiricism is the doctrine that postulates

a. Internal forces energize and propel one into action

b. All forms of knowledge are justifiable because they are constructed by learners,

especially if they reflect social consensus

c. Experience is the only source of knowledge

d. Knowledge derives from reason without the aid of the senses

c. Experience is the only source of knowledge

The philosophical doctrine which postulates that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas is known as

a. Rationalism

b. Constructivism

c. Structuralism

d. Contextualism

a. Rationalism

The process whereby students personally activate and sustain behaviors, cognitions, and affects which are systematically oriented toward the attainment of learning goals is

a. Executive control

b. Self‐monitoring

c. Self‐regulation

d. Self‐ instructional training

c. Self‐regulation

Personal beliefs concerning one’s capabilities to organize and implement actions necessary to learn or perform behavior at designated levels is known as

a. Self‐worth

b. Self‐determination

c. Self‐actualization

d. None of the above

d. None of the above

The amount of learning possible by a student given proper instructional conditions is

a. Zone of proximal development

b. Volition

c. Top‐down processing

d. All of the above

a. Zone of proximal development

Successful home‐school collaboration is dependent upon

a. Families and community members working together to understand each others'

perspectives and to develop shared goals

b. Training of teachers and administrators in practices that reach out to all families

c. Quantity and quality of communication between schools and families

d. Developing activities that encourage families to become involved in schools

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which theorist believed that children imitate the behavior of significant people in their lives as a result of observational learning?

a. Thorndike

b. Bandura

c. Skinner

d. Pavlov

e. Watson

b. Bandura

A student was referred to the school psychologist for difficulty with attention and focus in the classroom. The school psychologist considered many factors that could be impacting this student’s ability to maintain focus during class time. Neurologically, the school psychologist understands that most attention difficulties stem from dysfunction in the orbital circuit of the frontal lobe. What is another area of the brain that could be the alternate cause to the student’s attention difficulties?

a. Left hemisphere

b. Right hemisphere parietal lobe dysfunction

c. Left hemisphere temporal lobe dysfunction

d. Left posterior temporal lobe dysfunction

e. Right hemisphere supplementary motor cortex

b. Right hemisphere parietal lobe dysfunction

Which brain chemical is largely implicated in depression?

a. Melatonin

b. Serotonine

c. Neuropeptides

d. Endorphins

e. Dopamine

b. Serotonine

According to Erikson, a 14‐year old adolescent is negotiating which stage of development?

a. Industry vs. Inferiority

b. Intimacy vs. Isolation

c. Initiation vs. Dependency

d. Identity vs. Role Confusion

e. Initiative vs. Guilt

d. Identity vs. Role Confusion

Timmy does not want to get into trouble at school because he does not want the disapproval of his authoritarian parents. Which stage of moral development would this child fall under according to Kohlberg?

a. Assimilation

b. Preconventional

c. Conventional

d. Post conventional

e. Accommodation

c. Conventional

According to Freud, the component of personality responsible for dealing with reality is which of the following?

a. Superego

b. Id

c. Reality principle

d. Ego

e. Superlative ego

d. Ego

Johnny enjoys playing the piano. He comes home nearly every day after school and plays for about an hour. This is an example of which of the following?

a. Extrinsic motivation

b. Extrinsic reward

c. Intrinsic motivation

d. Metacognition

e. Premack Principle

c. Intrinsic motivation

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences involves the idea that all humans have core abilities in various areas of intelligence. Which of the following psychologists is best known for this theory?

a. Howard Gardner

b. Abraham Maslow

c. Louis L. Thurstone

d. Erik Erikson

e. Dan Goleman

a. Howard Gardner

Which of the following terms describes the process that the brain goes through when attempting to reach an equilibrium that optimizes beneficial pathways and minimizes

dysfunctional ones?

a. Myelination

b. Dendritic Branching

c. Neuronal Pruning

d. Agenisis of the Corpus Collosum

e. Resting Potential

c. Neuronal Pruning

Procedural knowledge refers to

a. environmental events that become conditioned stimuli and produce conditioned

responses

b. One’s efforts to achieve a goal for which one does not have an automatic solution

c. Knowledge of how to do something: employ algorithms and rules, identify concepts, and solve problems.

d. Cognitive activities engaged in goal setting

c. Knowledge of how to do something: employ algorithms and rules, identify concepts, and solve problems.

An internal plan comprised of expectations of which actions are required to attain one’s goal is known as

a. Comprehension

b. Concrete operations

c. Conception ability

d. Cognitive map

d. Cognitive map

The growth of children’s intellectual development according to Piaget involves

a. Assimilation, accommodation, and motivation

b. Assimilation, equilibration, and structure

c. Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

d. None of the above

c. Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

Practicing or rehearsing that improves retention, especially when it is distributed over time is known as

a. Level of processing effects

b. Schema effects

c. Transfer effects

d. Practice effects

c. Transfer effects

A difference between Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning is

a. In operant conditioning, one systematically administers a reward to produce the desired operant behavior

b. In classical conditioning, the “learning” is dependent upon inevitable responses that are natural to the organism

c. Operant responses are contrived and conditioned responses become natural

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What court case in the 1970s held that the state was responsible for providing a free public education to all children with mental retardation between 6 and 21 years of age?

a. PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

b. Brown v. Board of Education

c. Mills v. District of Columbia

d. Everret v. Santa Barbara

d. Everret v. Santa Barbara

The ________________ principle in IDEA requires that public schools provide special education and related services to meet the individual needs of all students.

a. Zero exclusion

b. Zero affect

c. Zero inclusion

d. Zero tolerance

a. Zero exclusion

Becky has been identified as having the condition “mental retardation.” Rather than refer to Becky as retarded, her school records describe her as a “child with mental retardation.” This is an example of:

a. Person‐first philosophy

b. Self‐imposed label

c. Environmental bias

d. Cultural bias

a. Person‐first philosophy

What is the purpose of promoting cultural pluralism?

a. To teach all students about cultural diversity

b. To allow students to learn only about their own cultural values

c. To require teachers to understand and speak multiple languages

d. To provide a method for categorizing students for classroom placement

a. To teach all students about cultural diversity

Which stage of parental response to the birth of a handicapped child is characterized by denial and/or grief?

a. Defensive retreat stage

b. Tertiary stage

c. Shock stage

d. Acceptance stage

c. Shock stage

Which theory of intelligence is a recent informational processing theory that emphasizes three aspects of intelligent behavior not normally tapped by IQ tests?

a. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

b. Carroll’s Three‐Stratum Theory of Intelligence

c. Guilford’s Theory of Intelligence

d. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence

e. Thorndike’s Theory of Intelligence

a. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

The school psychologist requests that a teacher complete a behavior rating scale as part of a student’s functional behavioral assessment (FBA). Upon receiving the completed behavior rating scale, the school psychologist realizes that the age‐range of the form was inappropriate for the particular student who is being assessed. Which of the following actions should the school psychologist pursue?

a. Transfer the responses to the appropriate form

b. Score the completed form

c. Request the teacher complete the age appropriate form

d. Blame the teacher

e. Eliminate the behavior rating scale from the FBA

c. Request the teacher complete the age appropriate form

A teacher requests that the school psychologist share information discussed in counseling sessions with her student. How should the school psychologist respond to the teacher’s request?

a. Provide them with the requested information using electronic mail

b. Explain how ethical principles of confidentially prohibit the sharing this information

c. Provide them with a written report

d. Invite them to listen in on the next counseling session

e. Schedule a conference with the teacher to discuss the information shared during the student’s counseling session

b. Explain how ethical principles of confidentially prohibit the sharing this information

During a counseling session, the school psychologist becomes concerned that the counselee may intend to inflict harm upon him/herself. How should the school psychologist respond in this situation?

a. The school psychologist is unable to act due to client confidentiality

b. Continue to discuss the situation at the next counseling session

c. Address the situation and alert the appropriate personnel to ensure the child’s safety

d. Send a letter to the child’s parents expressing concern for the child’s intention to harm him/herself

e. Ignore the issue

c. Address the situation and alert the appropriate personnel to ensure the child’s safety

Court case decisions have supported the inclusion of handicapped students in general education classrooms. School districts must meet the burden of showing that a student cannot be educated satisfactorily in a general education classroom with supplementary aids and services. Schools must make reasonable attempts to include handicapped children, including cognitively impaired children, in regular education classes. Which court case was influential in supporting the inclusion of handicapped students?

a. Brown vs. Topeka BOE

b. Lau vs. Nichols

c. Tarasoff vs. Regents of California

d. Oberti vs. Clementon

e. Riles vs. Larry P.

e. Riles vs. Larry P.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act both prohibit discrimination of people with disabilities. The prohibitions of both laws apply directly to public school districts and require schools to make reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities. What type of law is this and who handles violations?

a. Program Law, Federal Department of Education

b. Funding Law, Department of State Education

c. Civil Rights Law, Office of Civil Rights

d. Special Education Law, State Department of Special Education

e. LEA Policies and Procedures, Local Board of Education

c. Civil Rights Law, Office of Civil Rights

In Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education, the judge ruled that educating minority children in separate but equal facilities denied them equal educational opportunity. In this court case, the Topeka Board of Education was in violation of which of the following?

a. Desegregation Act of 1961

b. Plessey vs. Ferguson 1896

c. The 14th Amendment: Equal Protection Clause

d. Lau vs. Nichols

e. Oberti vs. Clementon

d. Lau vs. Nichols

Mr. and Mrs. Strong attended a meeting with the district child study team to discuss the special education placement of their classified kindergarten daughter, Angela. She presently attends the district’s self contained behavior disabilities class for half‐day sessions. Angela performs on grade level and is making adequate progress in the half‐day program. However, the parents insist that Angela would benefit from a whole day program in the behavior disabilities class and that the whole day program would be ideal for her educationally. However, the school district refuses the full day program, stating that Angela’s present placement already offers her a reasonable opportunity to learn. The school says that they do not have to provide the best or maximum education, only a reasonable opportunity to learn. What court case decision supports the school in this situation?

a. Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley

b. Nicholas vs. Lau

c. Irving vs. Tatro

d. Goss vs. Lopez

e. Oberti vs. Clementon

a. Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley

Which reason listed below is NOT a justification for a parent or eligible student to request an amendment to his/her records under FERPA?

a. The information is inaccurate

b. The parent disagrees with something contained in the records

c. The information is misleading

d. A violation of privacy has occurred

e. The information contains typographical errors

b. The parent disagrees with something contained in the records

Within a three‐tiered model of intervention, activities at the universal (primary prevention) level could include which of the following?

a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten through third grade

b. Remedial instruction provided for students who performed poorly on standardized testing

c. Social skills training group for students who have been having problems on the

playground

d. None of the above

a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten through third grade

According to IDEA, learning disabilities include students who have learning problems resulting from:

a. A low IQ

b. Behavior problems

c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes.

d. Low socioeconomic status

c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes

Some estimates suggest that 80‐90 percent of students with learning disabilities have deficits in:

a. Cognitive development

b. Motor development

c. Reading

d. Language

c. Reading

Literature on ADHD increasingly reflects on impulse control and thinking about the consequences of one’s own actions. This ability to monitor and regulate is sometimes known as

a. Intercentric awareness

b. Explicit control

c. Extracentric awareness

d. Executive function

d. Executive function

The U.S. Department of Education has stipulated that ADHD students are eligible for services under the IDEA category of

a. Other health impairment

b. Orthopedic impairment

c. Mental retardation

d. Emotional/behavioral disorders

a. Other health impairment

Which of the following behaviors represents an externalizing disorder?

a. Feeling abandoned

b. Hearing voices

c. Spitting on a sibling

d. Experiencing test anxiety

c. Spitting on a sibling

Which of the following behaviors represents an internalizing disorder?

a. Experiencing anxiety

b. Challenging an authority figure

c. Refusing to follow a teacher’s direction

d. Setting fires

a. Experiencing anxiety

A major component of the 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) definition is:

a. Reading achievement

b. Adaptive skills

c. Emotional instability

d. Brain development

b. Adaptive skills

___________ refers to the system of speech sounds that an individual utters.

a. Phonology

b. Morphology

c. Syntax

d. Semantics

a. Phonology

Receptive language disorders results from difficulties in

a. Hearing what others say

b. Using spoken language

c. Formulating language

d. Comprehending what others say

d. Comprehending what others say

Assessing adaptive fit means

a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs

b. Ensuring that an individual has the prerequisite skills before entering the environment

c. Changing the goals for the individual without changing the environment

d. All of the above

a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs

Who is considered to be the “Father of Clinical and School Psychology”?

a. G. Stanley Hall

b. Arnold Gesell

c. Lightner Witmer

d. David Wechsler

e. Sigmund Freud

c. Lightner Witmer

A second grade teacher uses the removal of a desirable activity, such as music, to shape the behavior of his special education students. The teacher does not think other interventions are practical or effective. As the school psychologist, how would you respond?

a. The welfare of the student comes first and the school psychologist has a duty to report the teacher to the principal.

b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant behavior

c. The teacher should be commended for finding something that works and suggest that feedback should be given to the students when possible.

d. Tell the teacher that he is making the student resentful and that he is fostering external instead of internal behavioral regulation in the student.

b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant behavior

A teacher constantly sends his rowdy students to your office. By mid‐year, you are handling several students a week from one particular teacher. You meet with the teacher in private to discuss the situation. You help him implement a behavior management plan. Within a few weeks, referrals to you have dropped significantly. What type of consultation model did you use?

a. A direct service model

b. A consultee service model

c. A systems‐based model

d. A client service model

b. A consultee service model

All of the following are examples of good classroom management except

a. Point and level systems are effective if they are easy to implement

b. Structure and predictable routines are very important to students

c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective

d. Classroom rules are explicitly stated and posted in room

c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective

Jennifer says, “Between my job, what my parents want me to do around the house, and doing things with my friends, there just isn’t enough time to do my homework.” The school psychologist might recommend which of the following?

a. Systematic desensitization

b. Time management techniques

c. Techniques for coping with test anxiety

d. Cognitive restructuring

e. All of the above

b. Time management techniques

Megan was referred to the Child Study Team. She has difficulty with communication in terms of expressive language. Her parents are going through a divorce and her teacher has noticed a change in her affect. Which of the following services might be considered to address her problems?

a. Counseling Services

b. Speech Therapy

c. Occupational Therapy

d. A and B

e. All of the above

d. A and B

Which of the following areas apply to the use of computers in school psychology?

a. Assessment

b. Report Writing

c. Data Management

d. Intervention Strategy

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Mrs. Smith is a school counselor. A student was referred to her who has a drug addiction problem. She has little experience in the area of drug addiction. What type of consultation is needed?

a. Client‐Centered Case Consultation

b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation

c. Program‐Centered Administrative Consultation

d. Consultee‐Centered Administrative Consultation

b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation

If a student’s misbehavior increases after the teacher takes away his recess time, this is called:

a. Punishment

b. Spontaneous Negative Increase

c. Response Cost

d. Negative Reinforcement

d. Negative Reinforcement

What is the Premack Principle?

a. Naturalistic Observation should drive behavioral intervention

b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency behavior

c. Intermittent schedules of reinforcement maintain behavior patterns that are most resistant to change

d. Antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of target behaviors need to be reviewed before behavioral interventions can be created and employed

b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency behavior

What can be said about this statement “Autism is a disorder that tends to manifest

early in a child’s life?”

a. It is false

b. It is true

c. It is neither true nor false

d. It is the prevalent belief among professionals

b. It is true

Damien has been diagnosed with a condition that shares certain unusual social interactions and behaviors with autism, but includes no general language delay. What is Damien’s diagnosis?

a. Cerebral Palsy

b. Pervasive Developmental Disorder‐Not Otherwise Specified

c. Asperger’s Syndrome

d. Down Syndrome

c. Asperger’s Syndrome

Most current research on the causation of autism is based in the __________ perspective.

a. Psychodynamic

b. Biological

c. Metaphysical

d. Educational

b. Biological

The trauma caused by the rapid acceleration or deceleration of the brain may cause

a. The tearing of important nerve fibers in the brain

b. The bruising of the brain

c. Brain stem injuries

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines deafness as a hearing impairment which is so severe that

a. A child is unable to process linguistic information through hearing

b. A child cannot process information with or without amplification

c. A child’s educational performance is adversely affected

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The root of Jenny’s visual problem has been traced to the component of the visual system that connects the eye to the visual center of the brain. Her problem is with the

a. Optic nerve

b. Iris

c. Pupil

d. Retina

a. Optic nerve

Legal blindness as defined by the Social Security Administration is a visual acuity of_________ or worse in the better eye with best correction.

a. 20/50

b. 20/200

c. 20/100

d. 20/150

b. 20/200

IDEA uses the term________________ to describe children with physical disabilities.

a. Physically impaired

b. Crippled

c. Orthopedically impaired

d. Physically disabled

c. Orthopedically impaired

A unique sound, odor, or physical sensation experienced just prior to the onset of a seizure is called a(n):

a. Hallucination

b. Contraction

c. Synasthesia

d. Aura

d. Aura

According to Sternberg’s conceptualization, analytic intelligence is

a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests

b. Evidenced by performing well on everyday problems

c. Evidenced by performing well on achievement tests

d. Evidenced by performing well on creativity tests

a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests

The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data collection?

a. Partial Interval Recording

b. Latency Recording

c. Momentary Time Sampling

d. Whole Interval Recording

c. Momentary Time Sampling

A frustrated kindergarten teacher comes to you for help. She tells you her classroom is completely out of control. You observe the teacher’s classroom and notice that she constantly gives negative feedback to all of the children (e.g., “Don’t touch that!” “Stop tapping your pencil!” “Stop making those sounds!” “You are not paying attention!” “Why can’t you listen!?”)

Which behavioral principle is the teacher employing?

a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors

b. Negatively reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors

c. Punishing the negative classroom behaviors

d. Appropriately addressing the negative classroom behaviors

a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors

Children who are nonnative English speakers may exhibit difficulty during a formal cognitive assessment if they are having trouble understanding directions or understanding items presented in English. Which is the BEST accommodation that could be made to obtain the most accurate representation of the student’s cognitive abilities?

a. Allow the student to use an English to native language dictionary during testing

b. Request that the student’s parent or sibling be present to translate the assessment

c. Use an interpreter who is familiar with the student’s native language to translate the assessment

d. Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the assessment

e. Only perform informal measures of assessment, such as observation, teacher interview, student interview, and review of records to avoid making the child feel uncomfortable with the language barrier

d. Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the assessment

Which of the following components is NOT included when conducting an ecological assessment?

a. Observation of classroom teaching strategies

b. Interviewing the student’s attitudes toward school

c. Interviewing parents about parenting styles/strategies

d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work

e. Assessing student’s socioeconomic status

d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work

Which of the following is an example of a social skill training method used to enhance acquisition deficits for preschoolers?

a. Behavioral Rehearsal

b. Stimulus Control Training

c. Peer Imitation Strategies

d. Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy

e. Reinforcement Strategies

a. Behavioral Rehearsal

A School Psychologist must employ the use of effective communication skills during an interview with a student. The following are all techniques used by an effective interviewer except:

a. Active Listening & Empathetic Responses

b. Paying attention to verbal cues and non‐verbal cues

c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy

d. Self Disclosing in order to strengthen a point

e. Use of open‐ended and close‐ended questions to explore presenting problem

c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy

While the aim for journals is to accept only high quality research, there are still some research articles of lower quality that do get accepted. Which of the following statements does NOT represent good quality research?

I. The sample is large and representative of the population, and the sample was randomly assigned.

II. The researcher has made a conclusion based on results that the study did not test.

III. The study tests the given hypothesis pertaining to the specific purpose of the study, but also tests other related hypotheses.

IV. The researcher conducts a correlational study and concludes that the manipulation of the independent variable is the cause of the change in the dependent variable.

a. I and III

b. II only

c. II, III, and IV

d. II and IV

e. I only

d. II and IV

Which of the following is included in the definition for diagnosing mental retardation by IDEA?

a. Functional Behavior Problems

b. Curriculum‐Based Problems

c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits

d. Personality Problems

e. Ecological Problems

c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits

Interview formats can vary from highly structured to semi‐structured and unstructured approaches. Which of the following is NOT a component of a structured interview approach?

a. Parallel forms for parents, children, and sometimes teachers

b. Strict adherence to standard procedures for asking questions

c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee

d. Time consuming process of data collection

e. Rigid pattern of questioning that may seem unnatural and tedious for both the interviewer and interviewee

c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee

Collin D. Elliot developed an individually administered test battery intended to measure cognitive and achievement levels for classification and diagnostic purposes. The instrument is intended to provide the examiner with a wider range of measurement that allows a profile of the child’s strengths and weaknesses. Which assessment instrument did Elliot develop?

a. Diagnostic Achievement Battery – 3rd Edition

b. Informal Assessment of Multiple Intelligence

c. Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)

d. Wide Range Achievement Test, Third Edition (WRAT‐3)

e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

The teratogenic pathway for environmental hazards or substances from father to mother is via:

a. Physical touching, which facilitates substance transfer

b. Conversations between the wife and her husband

c. Chromosomal damage to the man’s sperm cells

d. Shared diet consumed at meals

c. Chromosomal damage to the man’s sperm cells

Teratogens are most likely to produce major structural abnormalities in the

a. First two weeks after conception

b. Second to eighth week after conception

c. 12‐20 week following conception

d. Last trimester of pregnancy

b. Second to eighth week after conception

Consuming small amounts of alcohol (e.g. once per day) during pregnancy

a. Causes profound physical birth defects

b. Causes psychosis and severe mental retardation in the mother and baby

c. May produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later during childhood.

d. Is harmless to development because the dosage is small.

c. May produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later during childhood.

Developmentalists disagree on the extent to which children contribute directly to their own development. This is known as the ______________issue.

a. active/passive

b. continuity/discontinuity

c. nature/nurture

d. ego/superego

a. active/passive

A recent legal trend favors trying child criminals in adult court rather than in the traditional juvenile court system. This trend implies society’s greater acceptance that the child plays

a(n)___________ role in his/her own development.

a. Accommodated

b. Passive

c. Observational

d. Active

d. Active