AP Biology Unit 1 review

polarity

having poles (property) or being polar

hydrogen bonding

a strong type of attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom and a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom

cohesion

water-water interactions

adhesion

water-other materials interactions

surface tension

object floats on water

evaporative cooling

process where air temperature is lowered as water evaporates

heat capacity

able to hold a lot of heat

dehydration synthesis

adds water to the product

hydrolysis

removes water from the product

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharide - like proteins and fats

sugar phosphate backbone

nucleotide monomer connected by covalent bonds and forms sugar

anti parallel

runs in opposite directions

What happens when a blood vessel is damaged?

platelets near injury release chemicals to attract more platelets

macromolecules

carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

high specific heat

stable temperature in cells

high heat of vaporization

sweating cools the body

function? - cohesion and adhesion

water moves up through plant roots (capillary action)

cellulose is

a carbohydrate

what is glucose?

C₆H₁₂O₆

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

ribose: has an -OH group linked to 2’ carbon

deoxyribose: doesn’t have

in a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

polar covalent bonds

which effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?

a raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond

which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize

hydrogen bonds

You have two beakers. One contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen

NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol.

Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with

oxygen gas (O2) molecules

Which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water?

carboxyl

why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water

majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages

the figure above shows the structure of glucose and fructose. those two molecules differ in the

arrangement of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

the complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to

chemical versatility of carbon atoms

which functional groups shown above is (are) present in all amino acids

B and C

which of these classes of biological molecules does NOT include polymers

lipids

how many molecules of water are used to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long

10

which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

dehydration reactions assemble polymers, hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. what would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C18H32O16

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

cellulose

a glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

a peptide bond

how do phospholipids interact with water molecules

the polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not

the molecule illustrated in the above figure

saturated fatty acid

what component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

the components of the r group

which is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally

the chemical reaction illustrated in the above figure

hydrolysis reaction

you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. what level of structure will be preserved?

primary structure

all of the following contain amino acids EXCEPT

cholesterol

nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

nucleotides

one of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to

function inthe synthesis of proteins

which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar

if a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

40

if one strand of dna molecule has the sequence of bases 5’ATTGCA3’, the other complementary strand would have the sequence

5’TGCAAT3’

basedon your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely

positively charged

question 30 in your packet :]

transpiration rates will fall to zero as nonpolar compounds do not have the properities necessary for adhesion and cohesion

why is carbon so important in biology?

it can from a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups

which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules (question 21)

D

a typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids

which of the following characteristics of figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA not DNA?

the identity of each nitrogenous base

a chemical binds to a protein composed of a single polypeptide chain and prevents the formation of an alpha helix that is typical formed in the absence of the chemica. which of the following ebst describes the effect the chemical has on the structure of the protein?

the secondary structure held together by hydrogen bonds is affected

based on the molecular structure shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together

which best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

the addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers