Endocrine/Reproductive

Major functions of the Endocrine System:

regulating development, growth, and metabolism, control our metabolic activities, maintaining homeostasis, controlling digestive processes

Estrogen works with what hormone to bring about the menstrual cycle?

progesterone

Water soluble hormones

travel freely, use membrane receptors, such hormones are polar and can't diffuse through membrane

Fat-soluble hormones

require a carrier protein, can diffuse across target cell membrane

Seminiferous tubules

sperm-forming factories, empty the sperm into the testes

Interstitial cells

produce testosterone

In the epididymis,

the mature sperm gain the ability to swim

Semen is composed of

sperm, prostatic fluid, seminal fluid, epididymal fluid

When does spermatogenesis begin?

during puberty

Spermatogonia

stem cell of spermatogenesis, found in seminiferous tubule

How many chromosomes do each spermatid and ovum have

23 chromosomes

Ovulation takes place every

28 days

Ovulation occurs on

day 14

Where does fertilization occur?

fallopian (uterine) tubes

Male vs female gamete production:

men can produce sperm from puberty and on, females are born with all of their primary oocytes

How many sperm form from each primary oocyte?

4

Where is sperm formed?

seminiferous tubules

Bulbourethral gland

produces alkaline mucus to help cleanse the urethra prior to ejaculation

_____ Stimulates interstitial cells

LH

Oogonium exist when

prior to birth

When does a zygote undergo mitotic division?

within 2 weeks of fertilization

A fertilized egg is known as?

zygote

When a primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis, the result is

four haploid spermatid

Sexual intercourse must occur between no more than how many hours?

48 hours before ovulation and 24 hours after ovulation

When does the placenta become functional

week 3

During which stage of parturition is the placenta expelled?

Third

In the umbilical cord, the one vein carries ____

oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus

In the umbilical cord, the two arteries carry ____

deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away from fetus

What does the corpus luteum produce and why?

progesterone, helps maintain uterine linings during early pregnancy

Germinal

begins at fertilization and ends at 14 days, this is when the germ layers form

Embryonic

begins with implantation into the uterine lining, the time when major organ systems form (this runs from 3-8 weeks)

Fetus

continued growth of the body structures

Dilation stage

Cervix becomes dilated, Full dilation is 10 cm, Uterine contractions begin and increase

Expulsion stage

Infant passes through the cervix and vagina

Placental stage

Delivery of the placenta

Ductus Arteriosus

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs, helps blood avoid nonfunctioning structures

Ectoderm

structures such as epidermis, tooth enamel, and nervous system

Mesoderm

structures as the muscular and circulatory systems

Endoderm

Linings, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, tonsils, glands

Acrosome

part of the sperm that has enzymes to break through the oocyte membrane

Positive feedback

increases the amount of output, Labor and delivery = oxytocin

Negative feedback

decreases the amount of output, regulation of the blood calcium level

Humoral

A gland cell releases its hormone when there is a certain change in levels of a nutrient or ion in the blood

What hormone released due to blood serum levels of certain substances?

humoral

Hormonal

A gland cell releases its hormone when some other hormone binds to it

Neural Stimuli

A gland cell releases its hormone when a neuron stimulates it

Trophic

Other tissue it stimulates is the target

Non-trophic

Act on other endocrine glands as their target

Spermatogenesis

process takes 64 to 72 days, production of sperm cells, begins during puberty with high levels of FSH and LH, within seminiferous tubule

Spermatogonia

stem cells, undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty, keep producing

Ovarian follicles

consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells, different types

Oogonium are present

before birth

Oogonia

female stem cells found in a developing fetus, undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes

During oogenesis, the oogonium directly gives rise to _____________________

a primary oocyte

Oogenesis

production of mature egg cells (ova)

Each primary oocyte gives rise to:

three polar bodies and an ovum

Uterine cycle

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Menstrual phase

Days 1-5, Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed, Bleeding occurs for 3-5 days, By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more estrogen

Proliferative phase

Days 6-14, Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium, Estrogen levels rise, Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage

Secretory phase

Days 15-28, Stage where the hormones are being secreted, Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

Autosomal recessive

May be only one generation affected, Carriers typically do not have condition, Both parents must be carriers of the mutation, 25% risk to children

Autosomal dominant

Individuals affected in every generation, Males and females have equal chance of passing on mutation, 50% risk to children

X-linked

No male-to-male transmission, Though rare, females can be affected if they inherited two mutations

Codominance

refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual, mixture

Hypothalamus hormones:

releasing hormones, GnRH and CRH

Anterior Pituitary hormones:

LH- Luteinizing hormone, FSH, GH- growth hormone

Posterior Pituitary hormones:

storage of oxytocin and ADH

Pineal Gland hormones:

melatonin

Pancreas hormones:

insulin and glucagon

Testes hormones:

testosterone

Ovaries hormones:

estrogen and progesterone

Parathyroid hormones:

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Thyroid hormones:

calcitonin and thyroxine

Thymus hormones:

thymosin

Adrenal cortex hormones:

adrenal androgens and aldosterone

Adrenal Medulla hormones:

epinephrine and norepinephrine

(Hypothalamus) Growth hormone-releasing hormone or GHRH

work to regulate the release of growth hormone, stimulates growth hormone release

(Hypothalamus) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone or TRH

stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone

(Hypothalamus) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone or GHIH

work to regulate the release of growth hormone, inhibits its release

(Hypothalamus) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone or GnRH

stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

(Hypothalamus) Corticotropin-releasing hormone or CRH

stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

(Hypothalamus) Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone or ADH

transported to the posterior pituitary, where its stored and released

(Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin

triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding

(Posterior Pituitary) Antidiuretic hormone or ADH

prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to the sweat glands

Anterior Pituitary) Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH

responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland

(Anterior Pituitary) Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH

stimulates the adrenal cortex, outer part of adrenal gland to produce its hormones

(Anterior Pituitary) Follicle stimulating hormone or FSH

stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes (ova & sperm)

(Anterior Pituitary) Luteinizing hormone or LH

stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)

(Anterior Pituitary) Human growth hormone or HGH

stimulates growth and repair of some tissues

(Anterior Pituitary) Prolactin or PRL

stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk

(Pineal Gland) Melatonin

regulates the human sleep-wake cycle

(Thyroid Gland) Calcitonin

released when calcium levels in the blood are too high, reduces the concentration of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones

(Thyroid) Thyroxine

regulates metabolism

(Thyroid Gland) Triiodothyronine T3 and Thyroxine T4

work together to regulate the body's metabolic rate, increased levels lead to increased cellular activity and energy usage in body

(Parathyroid) Parathyroid hormone or PTH

activates osteoclast activity in bone resulting in the break down of bony matrix

(Adrenal Cortex) Glucocorticoids

breakdown proteins and lipids to produce glucose, reduce inflammation, immune response

(Adrenal Cortex) Androgens (testosterone)

regulate the growth and activity of cells (male)

(Adrenal Medulla) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

"fight-or-flight", released from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

(Pancreas) Glucagon

raises blood pressure levels, triggers muscles and liver

(Pancreas) Insulin

lowers blood glucose levels after a meal, triggers the absorption of glucose from blood to cells