DDS LECT FINALS - PT 1

Solutions and Dispersed system (Suspension & Emulsion)

General Classifications of Liquid Dosage Forms

Solution

Liq. preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

Solution

HOMOGENEOUS one-phase system consisting of two or more components

Solution

Most commonly used liquid dosage form

Solution

Simplest solution involves two components, solute + solvent

Solute + Solvent

two components of the simplest solution

Use or Composition

The types of solution is classified based on?

Oral Solution
Otic Solution
Opthalmic Solution

Topical Solution

Types of Solutions based on Use

Aqueous Solution

Non-aqueous Solution

Sterile Solution

Types of Solutions based on Composition

Solubility characteristics

Proper solvent

Salt form

General Rule in Preparing Solution

Attractive forces

what type of force happens between atoms lead to the formation of molecules and ions?

Intermolecular Forces That Affect Solubility

These forces can be broken by application of higher temperature

Intermolecular Forces That Affect Solubility

These forces, which are developed between like molecules, are responsible for the physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of the substance under given conditions

True

True or False: The stronger the imf the greater the solvent of one solvent

Dipole-dipole, Ion-dipole Interaction, Hydrogen Bonding

Common Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-dipole or Van der Waals Forces

Interxn where the negative pole of one molecule points towards the positive pole of the other

Dipole-dipole or Van der Waals Forces

Polar to polar interactions

Dipole-dipole or Van der Waals Forces

One of the weakest interactions

Ion-dipole Interaction

It is an attractive force that is commonly found in solutions, especially ionic compounds dissolved in polar liquids

Ion-dipole Interaction

Results of an electrostatic interaction between charged ion and a molecule that has a dipole

Hydrogen Bonding

Involves strongly electronegative atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine

SOLUBILITY

State when the total amount of solute in the solution and excess particles reaches equilibrium

Very Soluble

<1

Freely Soluble

1-10

Soluble

10-30

Sparingly Soluble

30-100

Slightly Soluble

100-1000

Very Slightly Soluble

1000-10000

Practically Insoluble or Insoluble

>10000

Alcohol, USP

Glycerin, USP

Propylene glycol, USP

Purified Water, USP

SOLVENTS FOR LIQUID

Simple Solution

Chemical Reaction

Solution by extraction

PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS

Oral Solution

Syrup

Topical Solutions

Elixir

Vaginal & Rectal Solution

Topical Tincture

Non-aqueous solution

Miscellaneous solutions

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Extraction

Crude drug

Extractive
Tincture, fluidextract and extracts

EXTRACTION METHODS FOR PREPARING SOLUTIONS

Extraction

process of withdrawing the desired constituents from crude drugs through the use of selected solvents in which the desired constituents are soluble

Crude drug

are vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone no other processes than collection, cleaning and drying

Extractive

is the product of extraction process

Tincture, fluidextract and extracts

most commonly pharmaceutical products that is prepared from extractive.

Menstruum

- is the solvent or the solvent mixture

Marc

- the plant residue/ undissolved portion

“to soak”

what is the meaning if the latin word "macerare"

Maceration

Properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum until cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble constituent are dissolved.

“through” and “strain”

meaning of “per” and “colare”

Percolation

Process in which a comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by slow passage of suitable solvent through a column of the drug.

Percolator

Special extraction apparatus in percolation process

Downward, orifice

The flow of the menstruum over the drug column is ______ to the exit _____, drawn by the force of gravity

FLUID EXTRACTS

Are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs prepared by percolation

FLUID EXTRACTS

They contain alcohol as solvent, preservative and made to have 1 g of the therapeutic constituent present in each mL.

Too potent to be safely self-administered

Too bitter tasting

Disadvantage of Fluid Extracts

EXTRACTS

Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstrua, evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and adjustment of the residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards.

EXTRACTS

Potent preparations usually between 2x & 6x as potent on weight basis as the crude drug.

EXTRACTS

Contain primarily the active constituents with a great portion inactive constituents and structural components.

Semi-liquid Extract
Pilular
Powdered Extract

Three Forms of Extracts

Maceration and Percolation

It is the processes combined in the extraction of crude drugs