humerus, ulna, radius, clavicle, scapula, sternum, sacrum, vertabrae

Sternal articulation of clavicle

Medial end

Articulate with manubrium

Rough medial side of the Sternal end

Sternal end of clavicle

Flat medial end of clavicle

Inferior side has a rough flat surface and the costoclavicular groove

Superior side is flat and smoother

Acromial end of clavicle

Flat

Smooth superior surface, may have some small grooves

Inferior surface is s little rougher

Moving medially, the conoid tubercle juts inferiorly

Costoclavicular ligament groove (costal groove) of clavicle

Interior side of Sternal end

Rough surface

Forms a border on the interior side

Conoid tubercle

Inferior side of the acromial end. On the posterior curve.

Juts out, inferiorly

Rough surface

Foramen on clavicle

Posterior surface, middle of clavicle.

On the anterior bending curve

Medial to lateral

Scapula body

Flat portion of scapula

Triangular shaped

Thin - translucent

Anterior side is concave and has medial to lateral lines that begin on the medial border

Superior border of scapula

Thin superior edge of the body

As move laterally, can see the scapular notch

Scapular notch

Between superior border of the body and the corocoid process

U shape

Medial border of scapula

Thin

Anterior side has lines moving laterally along the body

Translucent

Lateral border of scapula

Thick

Thickens as move inferiorly

Groove like surface more superiorly

Most superior part reaches the glenoid fossa

Glenoid fossa

Articulation surface with the humerus

Rough and very flat

Teardrop shape

Inferior to corocoid process

Spine of scapula

Extends from the body medial to lateral

Thickest at the most lateral end

Smooth superior and inferior surface

Jagged (but still smooth) posterior surface

Most lateral end forms the acromion process

Acromion process

Most lateral end of spine of the scapula

Jagged posterior side and porous superior side

Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle

Concave anterior side

Corocoid process

Lateral superior side of the scapula

Superior to the glenoid fossa

Articulates with the conoid tubercle of the clavicle

Sharp C curve. Curve is lateral facing

Jagged superior surface

Foramen on the scapula

Superior to inferior direction

Anterior surface and/or superior surface of the spine.

On superior portion of scapula body, inferior to the scapular notch

Both locations are on a thicker portion of the scapula

Humerus head

Looks like a ball on the medial side of the most proximal end of the humerus

Large smooth surface articulating with the scapula (at glenoid fossa)

Neck of the humerus

Thick proximal, thins our as moves distal

Medial portion has a curve from the head as the neck forms

Anterior surface has a wide groove that is rough

Posterior surface is smooth

Greater tubercle

Most proximal

Lateral side, lateral to head and intertubercular groove

Articulation surface on the superior side

May be porous on the sides

Anteriorly, smoothly forms the wide groove that runs down the neck

Posterior, superior portion has a flat articulation surface

Lesser tubercle

Anterior side of the proximal end

Rests between the greater tubercle and the head but is anterior to both (juts out)

Slightly medial to the intertubercular groove

Has articulation surface on superior end

Lateral side forms a small groove that moves into the neck of the humerus

Intertubercular groove

Between the ball portion of the humerus head and the greater tubercle.

Thin groove

Smooth

Inferior to it on the anterior side the head has mini Foramen

Inferior to it on the posterior side it is porous and runs into the flat surface of the greater tubercle

Deltoid tuberosity

Middle of the diaphysis of the humerus

Rough surface, kind of indented

Lateral anterior side

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Distal end of humerus

Extends medially

Thickish but flat

Small groove on anterior surface

Smooth overall

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Distal end of the humerus

Smaller than the medial epicondyle

Does not jut out from humerus

Most lateral side, the surface has an articulation pattern

There is a thin groove that extends distal to proximal from the lateral epicondyle

Curves forward like a seat on the anterior side

Articulates with the radius

Distal, lateral end of the humerus

Thin most laterally and thickens and move into the medial section of the distal end

Proximal to the lateral epicondyle, there is a thin groove

The medial side is thin but still thicker than the lateral distal end

Trochlea

Most distal end of humerus. Between the medial and lateral epicondyles

The medial side juts out more than the lateral side

The outer medial side is more porous and flat

Distal to the olecranon fossa

All of it is very smooth looking

Articulates with the ulna

Capitulum

Anterior side of the lateral epicondyle

Kinda shaped like a ball

Smooth

Lateral to the trochlea

Kind of forms a short seat

Olecranon fossa

Distal and posterior

Very concave

May have a hole in the middle

Thin

Smooth

May have an articulation surface distal to it

Proximal to the trochlea

Foramen on humerus

Middle-ish on the diaphysis

Points to the elbow (proximal to distal)

Anterior and medial side of the diaphysis

May be on or near rough lines

Olecranon process

Most proximal surface of the ulna

Shaped concave-ly. Smooth anterior surface

Superior surface looks like articulation surface or tuberoisty, a little jagged

Faces either the right or left side. Whatever side the process is pointing to is what side the ulna belongs to

Coronoid process of ulna

Distal process of the trochlear notch

Smooth, superior side has an articulation surface

Like a flat seat

Inferior side has a tuberosity-like surface that extends distally

Trochlear notch

C shape at proximal end

In between the olecranon and coronoid processes

Articulation surface so it is smooth and the surface extends laterally

Radial notch

Lateral articulation side of the trochlear notch

Articulation surface to the radius

Beneath smooth articulation surface (radial notch), there is a wide superficial groove. On the posterior side of the groove there is a the interosseous crest

Interosseous crest

Juts out, not dramatically on the lateral side of the ulna

Sharp edge along the lateral side of the diaphysis

Ulna tuberosity

Anterior side of the neck

Rough surface for ligament or tendon attachment

Textured

Head of ulna

Distal end of the ulna

Small and has an articulation surface

Rounded

Contains the styloid process

Is shaped like a curved tear drop. Whichever side the seat shape of the curve is, is what side the ulna belongs to

Styloid process of ulna

Projection at the head of the ulna pointing distally.

Small

Juts out like a point

Posterior portion of the head, behind a flat surface of the distal end

Foramen on ulna

Points towards the elbow

Anterior surface on the diaphysis. More lateral

Could be near the sharper edge or more medial on the surface

Head of radius

Flat proximal surface

Concave on the most superior surface - smooth

Lateral side is more porous, medial side is smooth and an articulation surface with the humerus

Fovea of radius

Concave surface of the radius

Most proximal

Articulation surface for the humerus

Radial neck

Proximal, just distal to the head

Slight curve medially

Medial side has the interosseous crest - rough flat surface. Textured

Radial tuberosity

Medial side of the neck

Textured, rough surface

Flat

For ligament attachment

Styloid process of radius

Distal end of radius

Thick

Juts out and pointy at end

On the lateral side of the bone

Ulnar notch on radius

Concave articulation surface on the medial side

Smooth

Almost triangular

Where the distal end widens out on the most medial surface

Siding the radius

Styloid process lateral

Ulnar notch medial

Radial tuberosity medial

Distal end has a flat surface that is anterior. Posterior is more curved

Foramen on radius

Points towards elbow (distal to proximal)

Anterior medial

Distal from the neck

Manubrium

Most superior bone of the sternum

Upside-down wide triangle

Superior surface looks almost like a shallow “w”

Posterior side is flat, anterior side has some curve to it

• the superior edge on the anterior side has a portion jutting out just a little bit

• Anterior side has a wide “v” beginning from the medial end of each clavicle notch

Very textured

Lateral superior surfaces have clavicle notches

Center of the most superior surface is the jugular notch

Thumb print o n the anterior surface

Body

Long flat bone of the sternum

Posterior side is slightly less textured than the anterior side

The notch for costal cartilage’s are more concave on the posterior side

• anterior side there is almost a lip over the curvature that can be seen from the posterior angle

Has 7 costal cartilage notches on the lateral side

Curves slightly posteriorly at the distal end and wider end

Costal cartilage 3-7 notches on sternum body

On the lateral surface of the body

More open on the posterior side

in between them it is porous on the lateral side

On the notches, the concave surface is smooth for articulation with the true ribs

Notch for first costal cartilage on sternum

Rests on the manubrium just posterior to the clavicle notch

For the first rib to articulate

Porous

Slightly concave

Notch for the second costal cartilage

On the lateral side and split between the manubrium and the Sternal body

• The Suture line injects perpendicularly with the notch

For articulation with the second rib

Smooth-ish articulation site, less porous than the first notch

Manubriosternal articulation

When articulated, visualized most clearly on the posterior side

Anteriorly the articulation is not to be seen

The body of the sternum is narrower at the articulation site than it is at the distal end

The manubrium is narrower at the articulation site than it is at the proximal end

Xiphoid process of sternum

Most often not articulated with the body

Articulates at the most distal end of the sternum

Articulates on the anterior side like gluing a piece of paper on top of another piece of paper

Pointed downward, pointy end

Triangular like shape

Xiphisternal articulation

On the anterior side of the distal end of the Sternal body

Smooth

Thin

Sacro-iliac joint

Lateral superior side of sacrum

Textured almost like a rock surface but flat

Flat but curves inward as it is more inferior

Articulation surface with the ilium

Angled very slightly posteriorly

Sacral promontory

A feature on the body of the sacrum

Anterior edge of the body

Curves outward, anteriorly, jutting out slightly from the rest of the body

Sacral alae

The superior surface between the sacro-iliac joint and the superior surface body of the sacrum

Smooth, gets slightly more textured on the posterior surface

“Wings” of the sacrum

Sacral cornu

On the posterior “backbone” of the sternum

Bumps outlining the sacral hiatus

Between the Foramen

Proximal ones face medially

Distal ones face inferiorly

Anterior sacral foramina

SMOOTH surface and interior

Very concave

Looks almost like made a hole with clay and dragged out the clay

Large

Posterior sacral foramina

Smaller

More textured surface

Flat holes

Surrounded by very textured bone

Thin

Transverse lines on sacrum

Visualized anteriorly

Medial

Placed in the middle of the anterior Foramen and outline the fused vertebrae

Smooth

Look like thick suture lines

Straight

Sacral hiatus

Open space posterior and distal area of sacrum

Bone raised slightly above the body of the sacrum and it leaves a trianglular shaped opening (hiatus)

Cornu along the border of hiatus

Superior articular facets on sacrum

Face posteriorly

Straight up and down, dont curve like a seat

Slightly curved in a sideways c

Flat, smooth articular surface

Posterior to the sacral promontory

Sacral crest

Medial to the second posterior Foramen

Jagged

May have a hole on it

Rough border

Long and narrow. Thin

Medial on the posterior side

On the lateral side of it, flat on the “spine” it looks like there is almost an articular surface

• possible to have Foramen before it flattens out

• Looks kind like you pinched clay (crest) and then spread the clay out on both sides

Shape of sacrum

Fused vertebrae together

Curves convavely anteriorly like a swing chair with a narrow seat

Textured posterior side

Smooth anterior

Middle meningeal vessels

On left and right parietal

Begin on lateral side and extend medially

• tree trunk to tree branch

Thickest (“trunk”) closest to the coronal suture

• “Branches” extend posteriorly

C1

Thin

Wide vertebral Foramen

Negligible body

• posterior facing articulation for the dens - flat and smooth

Superior facets

• slightly tilted medially

• Flat and smooth

• Articulate with occipital bone

Inferior facets

• 2 facets

• Most anterior one is larger and curved posteriorly

• Posterior one is smaller and slight curved anteriorly

• Smooth

Transverse Foramen may be broken. On the lateral side, between the superior and inferior facets

Rod-like transverse process extending lateral and slightly anterior

C2

Odontoid process juts up from body - flat anterior with dens and curved/circular posterior. Has facet, the dense on anterior side to articulate with C1 - flat and smooth

Superior facets are convex and flat

Transverse Foramen inferior to superior facets and are posterior/lateral to anterior/medial direction

• larger and protected by the superior facet

Inferior facet is anterior facing, smooth, flat, smaller than superior facet

Short spinous process

May have a Foramen on the lamina

C3-7

Spinous processes get longer and thicker as go from C3 to C7

• Slightly face inferiorly

Transverse Foramen are lateral to the body

The body gets thicker as it goes from C3 to C7

• kind of looks like an inverse saddle

The superior facets are posterior to the transverse Foramen and posterior facing

• get more vertical as go from C3 to C7

Inferior facets are anterior facing

T1

Articulates with C7

Kidney bean shaped body

• thinner body

Vertebral Foramen is the longest and narrowest of the T vert

Superior facets are posterior facing and far apart

• kind of seat shaped for the inferior facets of C7

Spinous process is the straightest of the T vert

• As move down T, the process gets more inferior tilted

A lateral side, superior location, costal pit on the body for rib 1

May have a small inferior costal pit for rib 2

Has an articulation on transverse process, anterior side, for rib 1

• very defined

T2-9

Spinous process gets more inferior tilted as move down the vert

Vertebral Foramen gets longer and more circular

Superior facets are posterior facing and flat, straight up

• get closer as move down the vert

Transverse process has facet for ribs

On lateral side of body, there is a superior and inferior costal pit for ribs

T10-12

Large bodies

• almost like a box shape

Superior facets are posterior facing and very flat and close together

Short and small spinous process

Only one costal pit

• T10 - most superior costal pit, defined but wont see an inferior one

• T11 - costal pit is more posterior and closer to the middle of the body, may be tilted inferiorly

• T12 - costal pit is posterior and flat in the middle of the body. Very defined and circlar

T12 inferior facets are lateral and anterior facing to articulate with L1

L1-4

Moose like heads

Spinous process gets shorter as move from L1 to 4

No costal pits on body

Body gets wider as moves from L1 to 4

Superior facets get wider and more posterior facing (vs medial facing) as moves from L1 to 4

Inferior faces are lateral facing

Long and thin transverse process

surface area of spinous process is greater than spinous process of the T verts

L5

Widest body of the L vert

Superior facets are posterior facing and curved like a c almost

• smooth surface

Inferior facets are oval shaped

Longer lamina than the other L vert

Shortest spinous process of the L vert