Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

List the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest

Chemicals, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are homologous structures?

organ or bone that related species have inherited from a common ancestor

Osteo-

Bone

Myo-

muscle

Neuro-

Nerves/brain

Endo-

Within

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining chemical and physiological balance within the body which is regulated by positive and negative feedback loops in response to internal and external changes

Necessary Life Functions

Absolutely necessary- Maintaining balance, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion
less necessary - reproduction, growth

Survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

concentration gradient

The spectrum between the most concentrated and least concentrated region

Diffusion

Passive movement of ions across areas of high to low concentration

feedback loop definition

The output of a system amplifies or inhabits the system

positive feedback loop definition

Amplifies the system

negative feedback loop definition

Inhibits the system

Uterus releases stimuli to initiate parturition so the body responds with contractions and dilation

Positive feedback loop

Shivering is an example of

Negative feedback loop

functions of epithelial tissue (5)

- Protects, cover, lines
- filters
- secretion/excretion
- absorbs nutrients
- sensory input

Special features of Epithelial tissue (6)

- cellularity
- unique contact points: junctional complexes
- Polarity
- Supported by Connective Tissue
- Innervated yet avascular
- Regenerative

simple squamous components

flat single layer

simple squamous function

- provides a barrier where gasses & liquids can be exchanged
- produces serous fluid

simple squamous location

air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of the ventral body cavities and blood vessels, certain parts of the kidney

simple cuboidal components

single layer of cube-shaped cells

simple cuboidal function

- secretion of mucus and other substances
- absorption

simple cuboidal location

kidney tubules, lower respiratory passages, mammary, thyroid, salivary glands

simple columnar components

single layer of rectangular cells

simple columnar function

- absorption, secretion of mucus
- propulsion of egg through uterine tube

simple columnar location

digestive tract from the stomach to the anus, uterine tube, gallbladder, certain kidney tubules

pseudostratified columnar components

- not actually layered because Nucleus forms at different levels across the tissue giving that appearance
- cells anchored at base
- ciliated
- Glandular (goblet cells)

pseudostratified columnar function

secretes mucus and propels it by ciliary action

pseudostratified columnar location

nasal cavity, parts of male urethra, upper respiratory passages
(respiratory & male repro tract)

stratified squamous components

- flat multiple layers
- more cuboidal towards the basal layer
- Connective tissue at basal layer provides nutrients

stratified squamous function

protection from mechanical stresses & microorganisms

stratified squamous location

mouth, pharynx, superior larynx, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

stratified cuboidal components

multiple cell layers of cube cells

stratified cuboidal function

secretion, absorption, protect deeper cell layers

stratified cuboidal location

excretory ducts, sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

Stratified columnar components

rectangular and multiple cell layers

Stratified columnar function

protection, secretion, absorption

stratified columnar location

select parts of respiratory, reproductive, excretory ducts

keratinized stratified squamous components

- multiple layers of squamous cells
- cuboidal to squamous shaped basal cells

keratinized stratified squamous function

- prevents water loss
- protection from mechanical stresses and microorganisms
- regulates body temperature

keratinized stratified squamous location

epidermis, hair, hooves, horns (areas constantly exposed to air)

transitional epithelium components

-multiple layers of cells
-apical cells dome
-shaped when relaxed and flattened when stretched

transitional epithelium location

urinary system

transitional epithelium function

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

epithelial glands function

secretion of a particular product

Types of epithelial glands

endocrine and exocrine

exocrine gland

- Unicellular & Multicellular
unicellular: secretes mucin , goblet cells
multicellular: epithelium covered ducts, has simple and compound ducts, secretory unit

endocrine gland

a ductless gland that produces hormones directly into the extracellular space

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, ovary & testes

examples of endocrine glands

Major classes of connective tissue

CT proper (loose&dense), cartilage, osseous, blood

What makes connective tissue ?

- extracellular matrix
- vascularity
- structural elements (ground substance, extracellular fibers, cells)

What is the extracellular matrix?

Substance found between the cells that provides support and nourishment

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

ground substance and extracellular fibers

What is ground substance?

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells ( amorphous and homogenous )

What does ground substance contain?

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

3 types of extracellular fibers:

collagen, reticular, elastic

Describe collagen fibers

Strong thick strands composed of collagen, organized in long parallel fibrils, resistant to pulling forces, Found in tendons and ligaments

Describe elastic fibers

Branched, complex, fibers composed of elastin that can stretch and contract, found in vocal cords, lungs, skin, blood vessels

Describe reticular fibers

Thin, delicate, branched fibers composed of collagen and coated with glycoprotein that provides support around complex organs, Found in liver, nerves, capillaries, muscle fibers

Properties of Connective Tissue

Cell poor, ECM rich, high or limited vascularity, most are dense/rigid in structure but some can be fluid and flexible, serves to connect, protect, and support

subclasses of connective tissue proper

loose and dense

loose connective tissue functions to...

support the structure it surrounds and joins together the cells of other main tissue types

Loose connective tissue- areolar contains

- all three fiber types
- fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBCs

Loose connective tissue- areolar function

wraps and cushions organs and it the most widely distributed

Loose connective tissue- adipose contains

- closely packed adipocytes
- Fibroblasts, WBC, Macrophages, Mast Cells

Loose connective tissue- adipose function

provides reserve food stores, insulates, supports and protects (shock absorption)

Loose connective tissue- adipose location

Found under the skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, in breast tissue, surrounding joints, on surface of heart

Loose connective tissue- reticular

netlike in fiber network
cells and extracellular matrix form a network called the stroma
Fibroblasts, WBC, Macrophages, Mast Cells

stroma

soft internal skeleton or framework for organs such as the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow

dense connective tissues subclasses

irregular, regular, elastic

dense connective tissue is

highly fibrous, little vascularity and functions to reinforce and bind body structures

dense connective tissue- regular characteristics

minimally vascular, fibers lie in the direction of force (tensile strength), contains tightly bound collagen fibers with elastic fibers, fibroblasts

dense connective tissue- regular location

tendons and ligaments and fascia

Tendons connect ________ to ______.

muscle to bone

Tendons _____ movement

enhance

Ligaments connect ______ to ______.

bone to bone

Ligaments ______ movement

limits

dense connective tissue- irregular characteristics

can withstand force form many directions, surrounds soft tissue organs, contains dense collagen bundles (arranged in a sheet)

dense connective tissue- irregular location

Found in dermis, fibrous coverings of kidney, testes, liver, spleen and forms joint capsule

dense connective tissue- elastic characteristics

Elastic fibers arranged in parallel or interwoven patter with fibroblasts or collagenous fibers

dense connective tissue- elastic location

walls of arteries, stomach, large airways, bladder, heart (areas that require stretching and recoil)

lies in between transitional epithelium of urinary tract

dense connective tissue elastic

subclasses of connective tissue cartilage

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage location

articular cartilage covering end of long bones

connective tissue cartilage function

protection and cushion

hyaline cartilage function

helps with ease of movement and takes grinding force off bones

elastic cartilage location

ear and epiglottis

elastic cartilage function

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Fibrocartilage location

knee pelvis between vertebrae

Fibrocartilage function

cushion for joints, takes compression and helps with longevity of breeding stock

subclasses of connective tissue osseous

compact and spongy

Properties of CT- bone

- combination of collagen fibers and calcium salts
- very vascular
- innervate

functions of CT-bone

structure and protection and movement

Why is blood a connective tissue?

- derived from mesenchymal cells
- has blood cells (cellular component)
- surrounded by fluid matrix
- fibers

4 types of tissue membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

mucous membrane

line organs with a connection to outside environment

serous membrane

lines closed body cavities