Final Review Developmental Disabilities

What are good interventions for FAS?

Classes to help with delays, speech therapy

What is a bad intervention for FAS?

None specified

Is there a safe amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy?

No

What form of communication is demonstrated when a toddler makes eye contact and raises his hand?

Intentional or symbolic

What should an IEP address?

Education and where that education is needed

What are the 5 major classes of psychiatric medications?

1) Antidepressants, 2) Anti-anxiety, 3) Stimulants, 4) Antipsychotics, 5) Mood stabilizers

What are the characteristics of teeth issues in individuals with 22q11.2DS?

Chronic cavities, enamel issues

What interventions are recommended for 22q11.2DS?

Education, behavior, medical, vocational

What is the average age for a child diagnosed with 22q11.2DS to begin talking?

24-36 months

What range of impairments in intellectual functioning is most common in school-age children with 22q11.2DS?

Mild to severe

Is there a need to repeat formal cognitive assessments on children with 22q11.2DS?

False

What are areas of strength in school-age children with 22q11.2DS?

Reading and spelling

Are higher levels of ability expected today compared to 50 years ago?

Yes

What should a comprehensive behavior support plan developed by a behavior analyst involve?

Social skills, speech & communication, independent living skills, strategies to help with behavior

What is the relationship between communication deficits and behavior?

Increased behavior problems when there are communication deficits

What is the most accurate definition of behavior?

Anything you do (good, bad, or indifferent)

What term refers to strengthening a behavior?

Reinforcement

What does 'C' stand for in the 4-term contingency (M-A-B-C)?

Consequence

What does 'A' stand for in the 4-term contingency (M-A-B-C)?

Antecedent

Is prenatal diagnosis of FAS possible?

No

What are the characteristics in children of women using alcohol during pregnancy?

Developmental delays, facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, CNS issues

What stage of communication involves a child expressing himself through speech?

Intentional

At what age can a student receive special education services in schools?

Age 3

Should assessment be carried out by all disability professionals on an ongoing basis?

True

Should intervention be based on ongoing assessment results?

True

What does etiological diagnosis address?

Conditions like Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome during pregnancy

Is there a movement to provide post-secondary education programs for students with disabilities?

True

Who helps bring about smooth transitions for youth to adult life?

Individual's family, employers, outside agencies, government

What percentage of youth with severe disabilities work in segregated environments?

More than half

Do employers play a role in the transition from school to adult life?

False

Can students with disabilities become more self-determined with proper instruction?

Yes

Do life skills and community-based instruction needs vary by student?

True

Should transition planning reflect the youth's perspective and goals?

Yes

When did community living alternatives begin to develop?

1970s

Is transition to adulthood the same for everyone?

No

What does transition from a psychology viewpoint focus on?

Dependent to independent

What methods of planning are recommended for individuals with IDD?

Expose them to different activities and experiences

What are the 3 types of CP?

1) Spastic, 2) Dyskinetic, 3) Ataxic

Is FAS the most common genetic disorder associated with ID?

No

Does IDEA define special education as a cost to parents?

No

What legislation mandates FAPE for students with disabilities in the US?

IDEA

In what decade was special education federally mandated in the US?

1970s

Do you need to obtain parent/caregiver information for speech/language evaluation?

Yes

Is the global cognitive profile of adolescents with 22q11.2DS similar to that of children diagnosed with it?

Yes

What are adulthood strengths of individuals diagnosed with 22q11.2DS?

Employable, activities of daily living

What is a crucial consideration when administering psychotropic medications to IDD individuals?

Side effects

What does bilateral refer to regarding the body and CP?

Two sides affected

What is the first priority for action when integrating life concepts into assessment and intervention?

Address basic necessities

What is the most important reason for assessment?

To come up with intervention and identify needed supports.

Is it true that psychotropic drugs appear to be overused among people with developmental disabilities?

True

What types of interventions and therapies are important for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities?

Speech, language, physical, occupational, etc.

Will providing a child with an electronic device slow speech development?

No

Federal law requires all students with IDD be educated in general ed settings

No

Does special ed refer to the place or services that an individual receives.

services

Diagnostic criteria for FAS is made by whom and when?

Pediatrician, neurologist, during school age years

Is prenatal alcohol exposure the leading preventable cause of ID and birth defects?

True

The prevalence of FAS in the U.S. is _____

2.4 - 2.8

Where are the rates of FAS higher?

Lower income, foster care, orphanages

What is the greatest risk of FAS?

5 drinks in one sitting or 64 ½ in a week

What is the area that is most impaired?

cognitive area

Is FAS under or over diagnosed?

Under

what does FAS with confirmed maternal alcohol exposure look like?

a distinct pattern of three key facial features (smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small eye openings), growth problems (low height/weight), and Central Nervous System (CNS) abnormalities, affecting brain structure, function, and behavior, leading to learning difficulties, poor coordination, memory issues, and behavioral challenges

what does FAS without confirmed maternal alcohol exposure look like?

a combination of distinctive facial features (small eyes/short eye openings, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip), growth deficits (low height/weight), and Central Nervous System (CNS) problems (learning/behavioral issues, poor coordination, smaller head size)

What does Partial FAS with confirmation of maternal alcohol exposure look like?

some, but not all, of the key features of full Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, typically involving some facial anomalies, growth problems, and/or significant Central Nervous System (CNS) issues like learning difficulties, poor impulse control, memory problems, and challenges with judgment, all unexplained by other causes, showing a pattern of cognitive/behavioral issues. 

FAS in elementary and adults

presents lifelong challenges in elementary kids and adults, focusing on learning, behavior, and physical traits, like poor memory, attention issues, impulsivity, social difficulties, and sometimes distinct facial features (smooth philtrum, small eyes) or growth problems

What other interventions other than medication be used?

Counseling, behavior interventions, and social activities

Be familiar with the definition of co-morbid

two or more diagnosis at the same time

Should medications be the first intervention tried?

No

The percentage of ID and DD individuals that take medications

20 - 45%

Are these individuals the most medicated group in society?

Yes

Psychotropic drugs are recent interventions?

False

Is it important to rule out digestive issues as a contributing factor to behavioral issues?

yes

Should the principle be all for one and one for all regarding medication prescribed to ID and DD individuals?

No

Should medicine goals also be based on research?

yes

What is Pharmacological RCT

the gold-standard research study testing a new drug (pharmacological intervention) by randomly assigning participants to receive the new drug or a control (placebo/standard care) to determine its true effectiveness, safety, and side effects, minimizing bias to establish cause-and-effect.

What is a placebo?

an inactive substance or sham treatment (like a sugar pill or saline shot) used in medical studies or therapy, designed to look like a real treatment but lacking therapeutic value, serving as a baseline to measure a drug's true effect

What is blinding?

evaluators or participants don’t know if it is a placebo.

What is statistical significance?

determines if an observed effect, difference, or relationship in data is real or just due to random chance

What is clinical significance?

a research finding or treatment effect is important and meaningful enough to make a real difference in a patient's health, daily life, or quality of care, beyond just being a random statistical fluke.

What is cerebral palsy?

motor disorder

What are the risk factors of cerebral palsy?

preterm birth, low birth weight, infections (like meningitis, chorioamnionitis), jaundice (kernicterus), lack of oxygen during delivery (HIE), certain maternal health issues, and head injuries after birth

Do all individuals with cerebral palsy have an intellectual disability?

No

Is onset cerebral palsy before, during, or after birth?

anytime

What are the types of cerebral palsy?

Dyskinetic, Ataxic, and Spastic

What is the most common type of cerebral palsy?

Spastic

What are the 3 stages of communication?

Pre-intentional, intentional non symbolic, intentional symbolic

What are the 2 broad areas of intervention in speech, communication, and language?

receptive language and expressive language

What are aided and unaided communication?

unaided uses only the body (gestures, signs, expressions) and aided uses external tools

What is a functional behavior assessment?

a systematic process to understand the why behind challenging behaviors, identifying triggers (antecedents) and what the person gains (function/consequence) to create effective, positive behavior support plans

What is a behavior intervention plan?

a formal, written strategy to stop challenging behaviors and teach positive replacement skills, especially for students struggling in school, by identifying the behavior's "why" (function) and creating consistent steps for support, teaching, and reinforcement.

What are behavioral interventions based on?

principles from behavioral psychology, learning theories (like operant/classical conditioning), and developmental sciences,

Who is victor?

kid in village in France, an example for special education and learned skills

What is section 504?

to prevent disability discrimination by ensuring individuals with disabilities receive equal opportunities and access in programs and activities receiving federal funding, like schools and workplaces, by providing necessary accommodations and modifications so they can participate fully and benefit from services

What is the legislation for all Handicapped Children Act?

mandates that all children with disabilities receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) tailored to their needs, ensuring they are educated alongside non-disabled peers as much as possible through an Individualized Education Program (IEP).

Are there laws that require parents to ensure that their children attend school or receive accredited home schooling?

yes

What are procedural safeguards for parents?

are rights protecting families of children with disabilities, ensuring they're informed and involved in decisions about their child's special education, including rights to prior notice, consent, access to records, independent evaluations, and dispute resolution like mediation or due process hearings.

What is Rtl, inclusion, resource, alternative setting?

a tiered support system for all students; Inclusion means educating students with disabilities with peers; Resource settings provide specialized support (like a resource room); and Alternative Settings offer different environments for students needing more than general ed

Best practices in strategies for early intervention

involve the family, multidisciplinary team, schedule, and interactions with typical peers

Determining a person has an intellectual or developmental disability can be challenging why?

Comorbid diagnosis, and changing definitions of intellectual disability depending on states, school districts ect.

What is the primary goal of the Americans with Disabilities Act?

services with section 504, goes on after school into college & career accommodations, help them get and keep a job, learn how to live independently, equality