Organic Medicinal Chemistry

Liberation

Drug is released from dosage form.

Liberation

Rate limiting step for dissolution

Absorption

Transfer from site of administration to systemic circulation of blood.

Bioavailability

Rate of extent to which a drug is absorbed.

Polymorphism

Existance in 2 forms

Distribution

Process where drug is moved from site of action to tissues

Gap Junction

Facilitates free exchange

Gap Junction

Found in spleen, liver, kidneys

Albumin

Binds to acidic drugs

Intrinsic Activity

Ability of drug to activate receptor

Affinity

Ability to bind to receptor

Metabolism

Process of biotransformation

First Pass Effect

Premature metabolism of drug reaching target site.

Enterohepatic Recirculation

Reabsorption due to binding of drug to bile

Functionalization Reactions

Phase I Metabolism

Hydrolysis reaction

Major metabolic pathway for carboxylic acid derivatives.

Functionalization Reactions

Unmasking of polar fxnal group

Conjugation Reactions

Attachment of small, ionizable, endogenous cpd to the functional handles of phase I metabolites.

Glucuronidation

Most common conjugation rxn

Sulfate Conjugation

Most developed in newborns

Methylation

Synthesis of endogenous compounds EPI and melatonin

Antiseptic

Living tissues

Disinfectant

Inanimate objects

Ethanol

Spiritus vini retificatus

Benzene + Methanol

Denaturant

Ethylene oxide

MOA: Alkylation of bacterial nucleic acid.

Formaldehyde

Retards polymerization

Joseph Lister

Carbolic acid

Phenol Coefficient

Ratio of dilution of sample with dilution of phenol to kill a given strain of S. typhi

High antibacterial property

Para position of phenol

Low concentration phenol

MOA: Precipitate bacterial CHONs

High concentration phenol

MOA: Lysis of bacterial cell membrane

Cresol

Methylated phenol

Thymol

2-isopropyl-5-methyl phenol

Thymol

Meta cresol

Thymol

From THYMUS VULGARIS

Eugenol

2-methoxy-4-(2-propen-1-yl) phenol

Eugenol

Dental anesthetic

Resorcinol

Meta-hydroxy phenol

Halazone

Used in conc of 4 mg/L as disinfectant for drinking water

Bleach

Na hypochlorite

Dakin's Solution

5% NaOCl solution

NaOCl Topical Solution

0.025% solution

Iodine solution

2% Iodine in water

Iodine tincture

2% Iodine in 50% alcohol

Lugol's solution

Aka Strong Iodine solution

Strong Iodine Solution

5% Iodine in water

Iodophors

Complex of iodine and a surfactant

Oxidizing agents

MOA: Liberation of nascent oxygen peroxide

Carbamide Peroxide

Urea + Hydrogen peroxide

Benzoyl peroxide

Induces epithelial cell proliferation resulting to sloughing of skin.

Quaternary surfactants

Inactivated by soaps

Benzalkonium chloride

Replaced merthiolate

Benzoxonium chloride

Orofar

Hexetidine

For streptoccocal pharyngitis

Chlorhexidine

Cationic polyguanide

Cetylpyridium chloride

Used as general antiseptic

0.025-0.1%

Approved by concentration for use as short term antiseptic of Ceepryn

Gentian Violet

Hexamethyl pararosanilie Cl

Fuschin

Rosaniline HCl

Castellani's Paint

Carbol fuschin + Phenol

Crystal green

Color of fuschin

Pink / Magenta

Fuschin in water

Rosaniline HCl

Used for staining acid fast bacteria

Thimerosal

Used as preservative in vaccines

Parabens

Para hydrobenzoic acid

Chlorbutanol

Bacteriostatic preservative

Benzyl alcohol

Antiseptic used in lotions, ung and mouthwashes

Benzoic acid

Preservative used for food and pharml with low pH

Undecylenic acid

From destructive distillation of castor oil

Substituted imidazoles

MOA: Inhibit CYP450 enzyme

Fluconazole

Prophylaxis for cryptococcus in AIDS px

Allylamines

MOA: Inhibition of squalene oxidase

Amphotericin B

Source: S. NODOSUS

Natamycin

S. NATALENSIS

Nystastin

S. NOORSEI

Pen G

Benzylpenicillin

Pen V

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Methicillin

2,6-dimethylphenylpcn

Oxacillin

5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazoylpcn

Ampicillin

Alpha aminobenzylpcn

Amoxicillin

Alpha amino para hydroxybenzylpcn

Carbenicillin

Alpha carboxybenzylpcn

Methicillin

1st semisynthetic pcn

IV

ROA: Oxacillin and Nafcillin

PO

ROA: Cloxacillin

Extended Spectrum

Introduction of ionized/polar group at alpha side chain of benzyl C atom of pen g.

Ureidopcns

Antipseudomonal

Cephalosporins

Dihydrothiazine ring attached to beta lactam ring

Thienamycin

S. CATTLEYA

Aztreonam

Chromobacterium violaceum

Vancomycin

S. ORIENTALIS

Gramicidin

B. BREVIS

Aminoglycosides

3 amino sugars linked with glycosidic bonds

Macrolides

Large lactone group with glycosidic bonds to amino sugar

Erythromycin

14 Membered lactone ring