The end of Treve Darby...

Ring of Fire

A region in the Pacific Ocean basin known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity due to tectonic plate movements.

Massif

A compact group of connected mountains or a mountain range.

Tsunami

A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater disturbance, often associated with earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

Asian Brown Cloud

A layer of air pollution that can extend over parts of South Asia and the Indian Ocean, composed of various pollutants.

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)

A buffer area between two hostile forces, often used in the context of the Korean Demilitarized Zone separating North and South Korea.

Silk Road

Historical network of trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.

Shogun

A military dictator in feudal Japan, often the de facto ruler while the emperor was a symbolic figurehead.

Mao Zedong

Founding father of the People's Republic of China, leader of the Chinese Communist Party, and key figure in the Chinese Revolution.

Pacific Rim

The countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, often associated with economic cooperation and development.

Keiretsu

A form of business organization in Japan involving interlinked companies, often with cross-shareholdings and loyalty.

Great Leap Forward

A social and economic campaign in China initiated by Mao Zedong in the late 1950s, aiming for rapid industrialization and collectivization.

State Capitalism

An economic system where the state owns or controls key industries and enterprises.

Kim Jong-un

Supreme Leader of North Korea, succeeding his father, Kim Jong-il.

Dalai Lama

Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral values, family loyalty, and social harmony.

Shinto

The traditional religion of Japan, involving the worship of kami (spirits) and rituals.

Buddhism

A major world religion that originated in ancient India, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the path to enlightenment.

Cultural Revolution

A socio-political movement in China led by Mao Zedong to reassert his control, resulting in social and cultural upheaval.

Feng Shui

Chinese practice of arranging the environment to enhance positive energy flow.

Pinyin

A romanization system for standard Mandarin Chinese.

One-Child Policy

A policy in China restricting most urban couples to only one child to control population growth, implemented from 1979 to 2015.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

International principle asserting that states have a responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

Trade Balance

The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods.

Global Supply Chain

The network of organizations and activities involved in producing and distributing goods on a global scale.

Tariff

A tax imposed on imported or exported goods.

Protectionism

Economic policy advocating for protecting domestic industries by imposing tariffs and other trade barriers.

Free Trade

A policy advocating for minimal restrictions on international trade.

Fair Trade

A movement promoting ethical and sustainable trading partnerships, often focusing on products from developing countries.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing the importance of accumulating wealth through a positive balance of trade.

Subsidies

Financial assistance or incentives provided by the government to support specific industries.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations.

Trade Winds

Prevailing tropic winds. NE (Northern Hemisphere), southeasterly (Southern Hemisphere).

Westerlies

West winds.

Rain Shadow

Dry region on leeward mountain side, protected from prevailing winds.

El Nino

Unusually warm tropical Pacific Ocean.

La Nina

Cooling surface ocean waters along tropical west coast of South America.

Biodiversity

Variety of Earth's living species - plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.

Endemic

Prevalent or limited to a specific locality, region, or people.

Green Revolution

Technology-driven crop yield increase.

Biofuel

Quickly produced fuel from biomass.

Ecotourism

Low-impact, educational, culturally sensitive travel benefiting local communities.

Bioprospecting

Systematic search for useful bioresource-derived products.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

Conquistadors

15th-16th century Spanish, Portuguese explorer-soldiers.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador, led Aztec Empire fall.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador, conquered Inca Empire.

Demographic Collapse

Latin America's expected demographic decline, peaking by 2050.

Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, diseases exchange between Americas, Europe/Africa, 15th-16th centuries.

Hacienda

Spanish estate or finca.

Plantation

Cultivated area.

NAFTA

1994 trilateral trade bloc, eliminating most tariffs, focusing on liberalizing trade.

USMCA

Replaced NAFTA, effective July 1, 2020, supporting high-paying jobs, North American economy growth.

Maquiladora

Mexico manufacturing plants, parent company's administration in the United States.

Contract Farming

Agricultural production agreement between buyer and farm producers.

Fidel Castro

Cuban dictator, led Cuba 1959-2008, prime minister 1959-1976, president 1976-2008.

Authoritarianism

Political system controlling government, rejecting democracy, human rights, political plurality.

Indigenous

Native to a place or region.

Cartel

Independent market participants colluding for profit improvement.

Syncretic

Amalgamation or blending of different beliefs, cultures, practices to create something new.

Machismo

Cultural emphasis on traditional masculine qualities.

Marianismo

Cultural idealization of women's traditional roles.

Mestizo

Person of European, Indigenous American descent, common in Latin America.

Mulatto

Mixed European, African descent, colonial era, slave trade association.

Remittance

Money transfer, often by foreign worker supporting family in home country.

Favela

Brazilian term for urban slum or shantytown.

Migration

People movement, within or across borders, for economic, political, environmental reasons, seeking asylum.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Forced to flee, remain within own country.

Refugees

Forced to leave home country, seek protection in another. UNHCR supports and protects globally.

Geography

Study of Earth's physical features, climate, populations, resources, and relationships.

Map

Representation of an area, showing geographical features, cities, and landmarks.

Globalization

Increased interconnectedness, interdependence among countries, cultures, leading to global exchange.

Regionalization

Emergence and reasons for new regions.

Regionalism

Collective identity in regions with distinctive characteristics.

Emerging World Region

Loosely connected areas developing shared characteristics, differentiating from other regions.

Anthropocene

Earth's history dominated by human activity.

Weather

Current temperature, precipitation state.

Climate

Long-term weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, wind.

Climate System

Sun's energy effects on air, water, ice, landforms, ecosystems interactions.

Climate Change

Long-term Earth's climate changes, often human-driven.

Atmospheric Circulation

Air, ocean currents transporting heat, moisture, precipitation processes.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases (e.g., CO2, methane) trapping heat, contributing to global warming.

Global Warming

Earth's average surface temperature increase due to enhanced greenhouse effect.

Kyoto Protocol

International treaty aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% (2008-2012).

Plate Tectonics

Scientific theory of Earth's lithosphere movement on tectonic plates.

Geomorphology

Study of landforms' origin, evolution, modification on Earth's surface.

Ring of Fire

Pacific Ocean basin horseshoe area with high volcanic, seismic activity.

Ecosystem

Living organisms community and interactions with the physical environment.

Biodiversity

Variety, abundance of species, ecosystems in a region or globally.

Rewilding

Restoring natural ecosystems by reintroducing native, removing invasive species.

Invasive Species

Non-native species disrupting native species in a new ecosystem.

Deforestation

Removal of forests for agriculture, urban, industrial purposes.

Sustainability

Meeting present needs without compromising future generations.

Colonialism

Acquiring political control, exploiting another country economically.

Imperialism

Extending power through diplomacy, military force over nations, territories.

Capitalism

Economic, political system, private control for profit.

Communism

Common ownership, absence of social classes, often state-controlled.

Industrial Revolution

Economic, technological change, agrarian to industrial economies.

Cold War

Geopolitical, ideological conflict, U.S. vs. Soviet Union, lasting until early 1990s.

Outsource

Obtain goods, service from foreign supplier.

Offshoring

Basing company processes, services overseas for cost advantage.