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Ring of Fire
A region in the Pacific Ocean basin known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity due to tectonic plate movements.
Massif
A compact group of connected mountains or a mountain range.
Tsunami
A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater disturbance, often associated with earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Asian Brown Cloud
A layer of air pollution that can extend over parts of South Asia and the Indian Ocean, composed of various pollutants.
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
A buffer area between two hostile forces, often used in the context of the Korean Demilitarized Zone separating North and South Korea.
Silk Road
Historical network of trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.
Shogun
A military dictator in feudal Japan, often the de facto ruler while the emperor was a symbolic figurehead.
Mao Zedong
Founding father of the People's Republic of China, leader of the Chinese Communist Party, and key figure in the Chinese Revolution.
Pacific Rim
The countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, often associated with economic cooperation and development.
Keiretsu
A form of business organization in Japan involving interlinked companies, often with cross-shareholdings and loyalty.
Great Leap Forward
A social and economic campaign in China initiated by Mao Zedong in the late 1950s, aiming for rapid industrialization and collectivization.
State Capitalism
An economic system where the state owns or controls key industries and enterprises.
Kim Jong-un
Supreme Leader of North Korea, succeeding his father, Kim Jong-il.
Dalai Lama
Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
Confucianism
A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral values, family loyalty, and social harmony.
Shinto
The traditional religion of Japan, involving the worship of kami (spirits) and rituals.
Buddhism
A major world religion that originated in ancient India, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the path to enlightenment.
Cultural Revolution
A socio-political movement in China led by Mao Zedong to reassert his control, resulting in social and cultural upheaval.
Feng Shui
Chinese practice of arranging the environment to enhance positive energy flow.
Pinyin
A romanization system for standard Mandarin Chinese.
One-Child Policy
A policy in China restricting most urban couples to only one child to control population growth, implemented from 1979 to 2015.
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
International principle asserting that states have a responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
Trade Balance
The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods.
Global Supply Chain
The network of organizations and activities involved in producing and distributing goods on a global scale.
Tariff
A tax imposed on imported or exported goods.
Protectionism
Economic policy advocating for protecting domestic industries by imposing tariffs and other trade barriers.
Free Trade
A policy advocating for minimal restrictions on international trade.
Fair Trade
A movement promoting ethical and sustainable trading partnerships, often focusing on products from developing countries.
Mercantilism
An economic theory emphasizing the importance of accumulating wealth through a positive balance of trade.
Subsidies
Financial assistance or incentives provided by the government to support specific industries.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
An international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations.
Trade Winds
Prevailing tropic winds. NE (Northern Hemisphere), southeasterly (Southern Hemisphere).
Westerlies
West winds.
Rain Shadow
Dry region on leeward mountain side, protected from prevailing winds.
El Nino
Unusually warm tropical Pacific Ocean.
La Nina
Cooling surface ocean waters along tropical west coast of South America.
Biodiversity
Variety of Earth's living species - plants, animals, bacteria, fungi.
Endemic
Prevalent or limited to a specific locality, region, or people.
Green Revolution
Technology-driven crop yield increase.
Biofuel
Quickly produced fuel from biomass.
Ecotourism
Low-impact, educational, culturally sensitive travel benefiting local communities.
Bioprospecting
Systematic search for useful bioresource-derived products.
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
Conquistadors
15th-16th century Spanish, Portuguese explorer-soldiers.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador, led Aztec Empire fall.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador, conquered Inca Empire.
Demographic Collapse
Latin America's expected demographic decline, peaking by 2050.
Columbian Exchange
Plants, animals, diseases exchange between Americas, Europe/Africa, 15th-16th centuries.
Hacienda
Spanish estate or finca.
Plantation
Cultivated area.
NAFTA
1994 trilateral trade bloc, eliminating most tariffs, focusing on liberalizing trade.
USMCA
Replaced NAFTA, effective July 1, 2020, supporting high-paying jobs, North American economy growth.
Maquiladora
Mexico manufacturing plants, parent company's administration in the United States.
Contract Farming
Agricultural production agreement between buyer and farm producers.
Fidel Castro
Cuban dictator, led Cuba 1959-2008, prime minister 1959-1976, president 1976-2008.
Authoritarianism
Political system controlling government, rejecting democracy, human rights, political plurality.
Indigenous
Native to a place or region.
Cartel
Independent market participants colluding for profit improvement.
Syncretic
Amalgamation or blending of different beliefs, cultures, practices to create something new.
Machismo
Cultural emphasis on traditional masculine qualities.
Marianismo
Cultural idealization of women's traditional roles.
Mestizo
Person of European, Indigenous American descent, common in Latin America.
Mulatto
Mixed European, African descent, colonial era, slave trade association.
Remittance
Money transfer, often by foreign worker supporting family in home country.
Favela
Brazilian term for urban slum or shantytown.
Migration
People movement, within or across borders, for economic, political, environmental reasons, seeking asylum.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Forced to flee, remain within own country.
Refugees
Forced to leave home country, seek protection in another. UNHCR supports and protects globally.
Geography
Study of Earth's physical features, climate, populations, resources, and relationships.
Map
Representation of an area, showing geographical features, cities, and landmarks.
Globalization
Increased interconnectedness, interdependence among countries, cultures, leading to global exchange.
Regionalization
Emergence and reasons for new regions.
Regionalism
Collective identity in regions with distinctive characteristics.
Emerging World Region
Loosely connected areas developing shared characteristics, differentiating from other regions.
Anthropocene
Earth's history dominated by human activity.
Weather
Current temperature, precipitation state.
Climate
Long-term weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, wind.
Climate System
Sun's energy effects on air, water, ice, landforms, ecosystems interactions.
Climate Change
Long-term Earth's climate changes, often human-driven.
Atmospheric Circulation
Air, ocean currents transporting heat, moisture, precipitation processes.
Greenhouse Gases
Gases (e.g., CO2, methane) trapping heat, contributing to global warming.
Global Warming
Earth's average surface temperature increase due to enhanced greenhouse effect.
Kyoto Protocol
International treaty aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% (2008-2012).
Plate Tectonics
Scientific theory of Earth's lithosphere movement on tectonic plates.
Geomorphology
Study of landforms' origin, evolution, modification on Earth's surface.
Ring of Fire
Pacific Ocean basin horseshoe area with high volcanic, seismic activity.
Ecosystem
Living organisms community and interactions with the physical environment.
Biodiversity
Variety, abundance of species, ecosystems in a region or globally.
Rewilding
Restoring natural ecosystems by reintroducing native, removing invasive species.
Invasive Species
Non-native species disrupting native species in a new ecosystem.
Deforestation
Removal of forests for agriculture, urban, industrial purposes.
Sustainability
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations.
Colonialism
Acquiring political control, exploiting another country economically.
Imperialism
Extending power through diplomacy, military force over nations, territories.
Capitalism
Economic, political system, private control for profit.
Communism
Common ownership, absence of social classes, often state-controlled.
Industrial Revolution
Economic, technological change, agrarian to industrial economies.
Cold War
Geopolitical, ideological conflict, U.S. vs. Soviet Union, lasting until early 1990s.
Outsource
Obtain goods, service from foreign supplier.
Offshoring
Basing company processes, services overseas for cost advantage.
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