Anatomy Midterm 1

Optometry sem1

What organs are in the dorsal body cavity

the CNS or the brain and spinal cord

what organs are in the ventral body cavity

Thoracic, abdominal, and Pelvic

Thoracic ( lungs, trachea, great vessels, heart, esophagus)

Abdominal ( major GI tract, spleen, kidney

Pelvic ( terminal GI tract, urinary bladder, reductive organs)

visceral layer

covers the external surface of organs

parietal layer

covers the internal wall of the body cavity

serous cavity

a potential space between the visceral and parietal layer contains small amount of fluid

fenestrations

small openings or window in the bone

foramen

short passage

canal/ meatus

passage or opening through a tube

fossa

concavity or a depression

fissure

deep groove

process

an extension of the bone

ramus

bifurcation or forked area

cell destiny

remain alive function grow divide or die

homeostasis of cells in the body

maintain a balanced between cell multiplication adn cell death

non membranous organelles

ribosomes, centrioles, Cilla/flagella, cytoskeleton

lack membranes adn are in direct contact with the cytoplasm

membranous organelles

nuclear envelope and mitochondria have two lipid bilayers

lysosomes peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane all have only one

Electron microscopy how are SEM and TEM pictures different

SEM: 3d view study of surface

TEM: 2d views through the thin cut sections for visualizing internal structures of the cell or within an organelle

Imaging- resolution for light microscope is what

0.2-.5 mu m

are membrane bound organelles present in the nucleus

No- the nucleus contains coiled strands of DNA (chromatin) which later condenses to form chromosomes in cell division

Nucleus Function

store adn transmit genetic information in the form of dna

Nucleolus structure

filamentous structure within the nucleus

Function of the nucleolus

rRNA synthesis, assembly of the RNA adn protein components of the ribosomal subunits ( which will then leave to cytoplasm through the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope)

nuclear envelope is continuous with what structure

the membrane of the rough ER

Ribosome function

synthesize proteins for plasma membrane or export

also can be found in the mitochondria where thy will synthesize mitochondrial proteins

Primary structure is composed of what

Amino acid sequence

Secondary structure is composed of what

2 intertwined AA sequences they can be alpha helixes or beta sheets

Tertiary structure is composed of what

Bending back and forth on top of each other it is a three dimensional structure has covalent ionic and H+ bonds

quaternary structure is composed of what

multiple protein sequences connected by disulfide bridges and h bonds

Role of enzymes

accelerate the rate of specific chemical reactions ( cell metabolism)

cell signaling proteins such as hormones or neurotransmitters

enable cell communication with each other adn environment

structural proteins

support connect and strengthen cells tissue adn organs ( collagen elastin and actin)

Rough ER structure

continuous with nuclear envelope adn covered with ribosomes

network of membranes forming flattened sacs called cisterns

Rough ER role

sythesize process adn package proteins for export

smooth ER role

synthesize phosphides, steroids and fats, also detoxifies harmful substances such s alcohol

Golgi structure

cup shaped flattened sacs near the nucleus

Golgi function

concentrates modifies adn sort proteins from the rER to then distribute via vesical to other organelles or outside of cell

Lysosome

Membranous vesicle formed in the Golgi adn filled with digestive enzymes ( acidic) made to digest foreign substances or digest and recycle components or cells organelles

Peroxisomes

made by division of other peroxisomes and contain enzymes that oxidize organic material, part of normal metabolic break down of AA adn fatty acids oxidizes substances such as alcohol and contains catalase which decomposes H2O2

Mitochondria structure

double membrane central cavity matrix and intermembrane folds crista

cytosol

intercellular fluid 55% of cell volume

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol that provides cell support adn shape as well ads organization and cell movement

Microfilaments

thinnest filament ( actin) does locomotion and division

intermediate filaments

used to anchor organells int eh cell

microtubules

large structures of tubulin ( flagella, cilia, and centrosomes)

Centrosome

near nucleus and site for assembly of mitotic spindle adn center for organization fo microtubules

transport with motor proteins

anterograde, and retrograde along microtubules uses ATP

Cilia

located in airways and uterine tube

flagella

propels sperm forward

Plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer - amphipathic

cholesterol 20% of lipid comp - cell rigidity

glycolipids 5% of lipid comp

integral proteins- all ampipathic

integral protiens

glycoproteins sugar facing extracellular forming a glycocalyx protecting the cell from being digested adn place for other cells to hold onto

2/3 of the the bodies fluid is where

intracellular fluid

total body water or (TBW) is made up of what

Plasma adn interstitial fluid which makes up extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of which ions and molecules

K+, phosphates, HCO3-, proteins/ AA, and ATP

Extra cellular fluid has a higher concentration of which ions and molecules

Na+ and CL- , Ca2+, glucose and O2

Negative feedback

works to reverse stimulus and get back to the set point of the cell

Positive feedback

enhances the change until the stimulus stops then may return back to set point

What factors determine resting membrane potential

water ions phospholipid membrane and proteins

the membrane is selectively permeable to which proteins

non polar small molecules such as oxygen co2 and steroids and water( aquaporins)

hydrostatic pressure

applied pressure to stop osmosis

isotonic solution

no change in cell volume

hypertonic solution

cell shrinks ( crenation)

hypotonic solution

cell swell ( lysis)

movement of diffusion is

exponential?

leak ion channel

non gated, always open used for ions and waters

nerve cells have more K+ than Na+ channels so there is higher permeability to K+

gated ion channels

open and close in response to deferent stimuli

voltage, ligand, mechanical

sodium channel

mediates or initiates depolarization in the cell

sodium channel blockers

slow rate and amplitude of initial depolarization of action potential will stop activity or slow of nerve or muscle

toxin TTX (puffer fish) - permanently bind

Anesthetics - Class I

K+ channels

repolarization and hyperpolarization

toxins

class 3 antiarrhythmics amiodarone ( cordarone) or TEA ( tetraethyl ammonium) KCL lethal injections ( binds to receptors and prevents the channels form opening once AP fires cannot recharge again

there are 5 types of calcium channel

L is the most important because it is targeted by calcium channel blockers (control heart rate and blood pressure )

they are critical in muscle contraction and action potentials

Secondary Active Transport

Symport ( in the same direction) and Antiport(opposite directions) Co-Transport

Vesicular transport

usually very large adn cannot use a channel or a pump

Endocytosis

bring something into cell

Phagocytosis - eating by macrophages adn white blood cells

Pinocytosis- cell drinking

Exocytosis

release from the cell

Pinocytosis

Aquaporins

diffusion rates

increased rate the more the difference, temperature, surface area

decreased rate the larger the molecule, the greater the distance

Resting membrane potential

-70mV in most neurons with a graded potential

when ions are in balance

diffusion adn electrical forces are equal

receptive segment

dendrites, cell body or soma of the cell

initial segment

axon hillock, it does initial summation of what has been received adn decides when and if to send or trigger an AP

Conductive Segment

propagation of action potentials and the axon

transmissive segment

action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter the synaptic buttons at the end of axon adn the synapse

channels in the soma and dendrites of the neuron

chemically gated

conductive segment has what types channels

voltage gated

graded potentials

small deviations from resting potential

there are only a couple of mm and short lived

Action potential phases

depolarization (Na+) repolarization ( Na+ channel plugs K+ opens and absolute refraction period) then after hyperpolarization phase

Threshold for a nueron

-55mV

Continuous conduction

step by step depolarization adn repolarization along the unmyelinated axon

saltatory conduction

depolarization dn repolarization occur at the nodes of Ranvier (neurofibril node) in myelinated axon functional voltage gated ion channels are located in the node

A fibers

somatic sensory and motor

largest in diameter, myelinated, adn fastest conduction speed

B fibers

lightly myelinated autonomic fibers sympathetic

c fibers

smallest diameter, unmyelinated adn slowest conduction speed

somatic sensory and autonomic parasympathetic

snare proteins

presynaptic cell active zones activated by voltage gated ca2+ channels resulting in influx of the ion into the axon terminal

synaptogamin

involved in vesiclefusion

excitatory chemical synapses

EPSPP Excitatory post synaptic potentials are depolarizations caused by Na+ entry

Inhibitory chemical synapses

IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are hyperpolarization cause by K+ exit or Cl- entry make it more -

Spatial summation

multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at various locations on to receptive segment on the postsynaptic neuron can be EPSP ISP or both

temporal summation

a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter onto the receptive segment on the postsynaptic neuron at the same location can produce multiple EPSP or IPSP in a sort time period

reverberating neruonal circuts

impulses from downstream cells repeatedly stimulate upstream cells within the circuit

parallel after discharage

single cell stimulates group of cells that all stimulate a common postsynaptic cell

multiple sclerosis

can affect the optic nerve can develop optic neuropathy and present with decreased visual acuity adn color vision