World History Chapter 26

New York CIty

headquarters of the U.N.

General Assembly

representatives from all member nations

Security Council

5 permanent & 10 elected nations

Secretariat

the Secretary General & his aids

Cold War

a “war of words” & ideology between the Soviet Union (Communist Bloc) & America (free world)

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

executed for selling nuclear secrets to Russia

Joseph McCarthy

an American senator who led an investigation into supposed Communist spies in American govt.; it was unsuccessful

Iron Curtain

Churchill’s description of Soviet control over its Eastern European empire

 Truman Doctrine

Truman’s policy of containment against communism financial aid of nations threatened by Communism (Turkey & Greece)

Marshall Plan

Eu. Recovery Program of economic assistance to rebuild

West Germany/Berlin

free side during the Berlin Blockade

East Germany/Berlin

Communist side during the Berlin blockade

Berlin Air-lift (1948-1949)

American aid provided by airplane to West Berlin as a result of the Berlin blockade

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Opposed the Soviet Warsaw Pact to defend themselves from Communist attack

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death

Marshall Tito

communist dictator of Yugoslavia

Berlin Wall

built by the soviets in 1961 to enslave East Berlin

Konrad Adenauer

Under who did West Germany became a nation

1955

When did West Germany become a nation

Charles de Gaulle

became president in 1958 & led France to prosperity

Alcide de Gasperi

conservative statesman of Italy before it fell to coalition govt. & Red Brigade attacks

Juan Carlos

successor of Francisco Franco in Spain; encouraged democratic rule

Mao Tse-Tung

Comm. leader

Chiang Kai-Shek

natl. leader

George C. Marshall

stopped trade with natls. in  1945

Oct. 1, 1949

When did the Communist est. The People’s Republic of China?

Five-Year Plan

 Mao’s plan to increase; agriculture declined & millions were lost

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s 2nd Five-year Plan to increase industry; 15 million ppl. Died & the economy collapsed

Cultural Revolution (1966)

Chinese attempt to purge all Western influential; Red Guards destroyed property & killed thousands of ppl.

38th Parallel

Where is North/South Korea divided?

North Korea

communist; Supported by Russia

Kim II Sung

who led the Communist side of Korea?

South Korea

Free; supported by America

Syngman Rhee

who led the free side of Korea?

1950

When did North Korea invaded South Korea

Douglas MacArthur

supreme commander of UN/US forces

Inchon

Where was Douglas MacArthur surprise invasion at?

1953

When did Stalin die?

Douglas MacArthur

who said “There can be no substitute for victory”?

1950-1953

what were the years for the Korean War?

Fulgencio Batista

dictator of Cuba  from 1934-1959

Fidel Castro

successfully overthrew Batista in 1959; became the communist dictator of Cuba

Bay of Pigs

Cuban Freedom Fighters invaded cuba

Sandinistas

Communist revolutionaries of Nicaragua

Juan Peron

overthrew the gov. of Arg. & est. tyrannical rule

Isabel Peron

1st woman to head the govt. in the western hemisphere

Salvador Allende

communist president of Chile

Augusto Pinochet

replaced Allende & brought free market economy in Chile

Balfour Declaration

supported a national Jewish homeland in Palestine

Zionists

advocates of a Jewish national state

1948

founding of the modern nation of Israel

Six-day War (1967)

Israel preemptively attacked & defeated surrounding Arabic nations

Yom Kippur war (1973-1974)

Egypt & Syria invaded Israel’s territory but they were defeated

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

formed to control supply and price of oil

Camp David Accords (1978)

peace treaty between Israel & Egypt negotiated by president Jimmy Carter; first Arabic/Jewish treaty in history

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)

sought to est. a Palestinian state in israel through force & terror

Yassir Arafat

leader of the PLO

Saddam Hussein

became dictator in 1979

Mahatma Ghandi

advocated civil disobedience against the British in a movement for independence

1947

When was India given independence from Britain?

Ghana

the 1st black African nation south of the sahara to gain independence

Kwame Nkrumah

P. Minister & eventual dictator of Ghana

The Congo

Belgium’s largest African colony

Joseph Mobutu

became dictator of the Congo; it was renamed Zaire in 1971

Nigeria

 leader of the black african nations

Liberia & Ethiopia

2 oldest African independent states

Haile Selassie I

last of the original monarchs of Ethiopia

Apartheid

policy of racial segregation in S. Africa

Viet cong

communist soldiers from N. Vietnam who invaded the South

Ho Chi Minh Trail

a main North Vietnamese invasion route & supply trail

Gulf of Tonkin

In 1964, the Viet Cong supposedly attacked 2 American naval ship

1965

1st American combat troops were sent to S. Vietnam led by William C. Westmoreland

Tet Offensive

large scale Northern Vietnamese attack against 30 S. Vietnamese cities & several US military installations

1973

When did America withdraw from the vietnam war?

Edward Teller

developed the hydrogen bomb in 1952; known as the father of the hydrogen bomb

 Detente

French word that means a lessening or decrease of hostility between nations

Henry Kissinger

worked to include communist china in the United  Nations (1971)

Leonis Brezchev

became dictator of the S.U. in 1964

Helsinki Accords

allowed the S.U. more access to technology

Alexander Solzhenitsym

warned the West to not be too trusting of the S.U’s decreased hostility

Salt I & Salt II (Strategic arms Limitation Treaty)

Salt I & Salt II (Strategic arms Limitation Treaty): treaty of 1972 & 1978 that Reduced Nuclear weapons in Russia & America

Sputnik I

1st man made satellite

Yuri Gagarin

1st man in space

Apollo 11

mission of the 1st moon landing (Neil Armstrong, 1969)

Margaret Thatcher

conservative leader that became England 1’st female Prime Minister (1979)

Ronald Reagan

became president of America in 1981

Falklands War

Eng. & Argentina fought for control of the Falkland Islands; England won

Reagan Doctrine

an offensive policy to stop communism before it attacked a nation; applied in Nicaragua & Grenada

Chernobyl

nuclear plant in Russia that had a reactor meltdown in 1986; still uninhabitable today

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

system of space-age weaponry designed to destroy enemy missiles in flight

Solidarity Movement

freedom movement that was brutally crushed

Mikhail Gorbachev

became leader of Soviet Union in 1985

October 3, 1990

East & West Germany were officially reunited

Nicolae Ceausescu

dictator of Romania overthrown in 1989

Tiananmen Square

demonstration for freedom in China that was brutally crushed

Boris Yeltsin

the first elected President in Russia’s history

1991

by waht year did the Soviet Union ceased to exist