AP Psych Unit 1-2

Scientific Attitude

curiosity, skepticism, humility

Humility

"The rat is always right"

Hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

operational definition

definition you are working on

naturalistic observation

observing in natural habitat

case study

observes causation

correlation

between -1-1, does not equal causation

confounding variable

variables not taken into account

dependent variable

variable that is being measured

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

Socrates/Plato

mind and body are separate

Aristotle

mind is shaped by environment

Rene Descartes

I think therefore I am

Francis Bacon

empiricism

Dualism

mind and body are separate

John Locke

tabula rasa

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalysis, psychosexual development

Freud's 3 Parts

id, ego, superego

William James

functionalism

Charles Darwin

evolutionary psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

first psych lab, structuralism

introspection

self-observation

structuralism

structure of brain

functionalism

function of brain (survival)

B.F. Skinner

behaviorism

operant conditioning

rewards and punishments

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychology

3 Psych Influences

biological, sociocultural, psychological

All 3 Psych Influences

biopsychosocial

endocrine system

network of glands, very slow

sex hormones

estrogen and testosterone

nervous system

network of nerves and neurons

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

calms down

periphreal nervous system

rest of body

soma

cell body

axon

transports messages

dendrites

receives messages

myelin sheath

makes neurons faster

terminal buttons

gives message

synaptic gap

space between neurons

neural impulse

action potential, electrical signal traveling down the axon

2 chemicals involved in neural impulse

sodium and potassium

Acetylcholine

muscle contraction

dopamine

attention

seratonin

mood/arousal

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

alertness/arousal

Glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter

endorphines

pleasure

afrent

senses to brain

efrent

brain to senses

brain stem

brain receives information

medulla

fight/flight, includes heartbeat and circulation

cerebellum

balance and coordination

reticular formation

arousal

pons

relaxes, sleep

thalamus

sends messages to outside brain

hippocampus

memories

amygdala

fear and agression

hypothalamus

homeostasis

prefrontal cortex

thinking

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

hearing

parietal lobe

sense

somatosensory cortex

touch

Wernike's area

understanding language

Brocca's area

speech

motor cortex

movement

left hemisphere

language, logic

right hemisphere

creativity

corpus collosum

fibers connecting brain

action potential

all or nothing

split brain

epilepsy patients severing corpus collosum

Phineas Gage

survived brain energy

What brain structure provides the major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

agonist

mimics neurotransmitter.

antagonist

opposes neurotransmitter

Which neurological disorder is associated with a deficiency of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer's Disease

Chip believes that human behavior is primarily generated in our unconscious minds and is the result of unresolved conflicts and desires, especially rooted in childhood experience. To which psychological perspective is Chip most likely to prescribe?

psychoanalytic

Debbie is interested in determining if music helps people study. To do this, she uses the help of 40 students in her psychology class. She randomly assigns half the people to study with music in the background for an hour, and the other half study with no music for an hour. The students then take a test on that material. In this example, what is the independent variable?

music v.s. no music

In research terms, what qualifies an assessment as "valid?"

If the assessment accurately measures what it claims to be measuring

theories

general explanations

hypotheses

testable and falsifiable, specific

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

electrical impulses

John Watson

all psych must be observable

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react?

cognitive

Where are hormones released into?

bloodstream

Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12 year old?

pituitary gland

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain’s sensory switchboard, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain?

thalamus

ability of brain to adapt to damage, where one area takes over the function of the damaged

plasticity

What brain structure provides the major link between the nervous and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

As a result of cerebral hemorrhage, a patient lost the ability to breathe and died. Which part did he damage?

medulla

case study

study done on a specific person or group

interneurons

reflexive neurons that enable connection between spinal cord and sensory neurons

motor neurons

efferent neurons that travel from the brain to body to coordinate movement

limbic system

teenager

hind brain

involuntary and primitve

cerebral cortex

higher level thinking