Reinforcement

What is positive reinforcement?

occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that increases the future occurrence of similar responses

What is a positive reinforcer?

consequences that follow behavior that increases the future occurrence of behavior

What is negative reinforcement?

occurs when a response followed immediately by the removal or avoidance of a stimulus that increases the future occurrence of similar responses

Escape contingency

a response terminates an ongoing stimulus

Avoidance contingency?

a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

Aversive stimulation produces a variety of responses

any responses that work will be strengthened

What is immediacy of reinforcement?

temporal relations between behavior and its consequences

When should reinforcement occur?

immediately after the behavior

What is ruled governed behavior?

behavior controlled by a rule that enables human behavior to come under the direct control of temporarily remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences

What is motivation?

the momentary effectiveness of any stimulus change as reinforcement depends on existing level of motivation with respect to work as a reinforcer the learner must already want it

What are EOs?

establishing motivations (increase likelihood of behavior)

What are AOs?

abolishing motivations (decrease likelihood of behavior)

What is automatic reinforcement?

the behavior change relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people

What are the three types of reinforcers?

unconditioned (primary), conditioned (secondary), and generalized conditioned

What are unconditioned (primary) reinforcers?

increases the frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus

What are conditioned (secondary) reinforcers?

previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers

What are generalized conditioned reinforcers?

conditioned reinforcers that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

What are the four classifications of reinforcers by formal properties?

edible, sensory, activity, and social

What are some examples of edible reinforcers?

sucker, snack

What are some examples of sensory reinforcers?

play with a fidget, twirling

What are some examples of activity reinforcers?

jump on a trampoline, swinging

What are some examples of social reinforcers?

laughing, yelling at you

What is an example of a primary reinforcer?

food

What are some example of secondary reinforcers?

thumbs up, iPad

What are some examples of Generalized conditioned reinforcers?

money, ticket at an arcade

What is Premack principle?

making the opportunity to engage in a behavior that occurs at a relatively high rate contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior

What is another name for the Premack principle?

grandma rule

What are schedules of reinforcement?

A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement, the environment arrangements that determine conditions by which behaviors will produce reinforcement

What are the two types of schedules of reinforcement?

Continuous and intermittent

What is continuous reinforcement?

reinforcement is given after each and every appropriate response

When do you use continuous reinforcement?

when teaching NEW skills

What is intermittent reinforcement?

reinforcement is only given occasionally

When do you use intermittent reinforcement?

when maintaining skills that have been learned before

What are the four types of reinforcement schedules?

fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

What does ratio mean?

reinforcers are delivered after a set number of responses

What does interval mean?

reinforcers are delivered to the first correct response after a preestablished period of time

What does fixed mean?

the same rate or interval each time

What does variable mean?

an average rate or interval

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

reinforcement is given after the same number of responses each time

What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

reinforcement is given after the same amount of time passes

What is a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

reinforcement is given after an average number of responses

What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

reinforcement is given for the first response after and average amount of time has passed

What is a post reinforcement pause?

a pause in responding following reinforcement

With what type of reinforcement does post reinforcement pause occur?

fixed schedules of reinforcement

What is a run?

a high rate of responding