Unit 1 AP Psych

Psychoanalysis Approach 

Focuses on uncosncious mind

Main Contributors of Psychoanalysis

Sigmond Freud

Humaistic Approach

Striving to be the best version of yourself (self-aculization)

Main Contributors of Humanistic

Maslow and Rogers

Behavioral Approach

Focuses on observable behaviors while putting feelings aside

Main contributors of Behavioral

Watson, Pavlav, Skinner

Cognitive Approach

Focuses on how we think

Main contributors of Cognitive 

Aaron Beck

Bio-Psych approach

Idea that all behaviors/feeling have an organic root (chemical)

Socio-cultural approach

Understanding of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining rules of social groups

Evolutionary Approach

Theoretical apporach to psychology that atttempts to explain useful mental and psych traits (memory, perception,or language)

Main contributors of Evolutionary

Charles Darwin

Hypothesis

Testable prediciton often implied by a theory 

Falsifiable

Hypothesis that is testable and able to be proven wrong

Null Hypothesis

Hypothesis that says there is no statistic signifcance between two variables in statement (keeps from being biased)

Idependent Variable

Experimental factor

Dependent variable

What is being measured

Operational defintion

How a variable will be measured, manipulated, and observed

Confounding variables

Any outside reason as to why the dependent variable could not have result it does

Representative sample

Closely matches the larger population (age,gender,background)

Random sampling

Eveyone in population has an equal chance

Random assignment

Groups are similar at the start

Control group

Does not get the treatment or change

Experimental gorup

Experiment that does get the treatment or change being tested

Single blind study

Only participants dont know whether they are in the control or experimental group

Double blind study

Neither the participants nor the researchers know (helps prevent bias)

Survey

People answer questions

Naturalistic Observation

Watching people or animals without interfering

Case study

In depth study of one person or a small group (rare or unusual situations)

Correlational studies

Two things are related but does not show cause and effect 

Positive correlations

When both variables increase or decrease together (more study time=higher grades) 

Negative correlations

When one variable increases while the other decreases (more stress=less sleep)

Correlational coeffecients

Strength and direction of a relationship between two things

Closer +1 or -1

Stronger correlation

Closer to 0

Weaker or no correlation

Mean

Average

Median

Middle score

Mode

Most occuring number

Range

Difference between highest and lowest scores

Standard deviation

How spread out the numbers are in a data set (high one means they vary widely) 

Standard deviation scores

34.1%, 13.6%, 2.1%, 0.17%

P values

How likely your results happened by chance

Ethics

Rules that guide how researchers treat participants to keep them safe, respected, and informed

Internal review board

Approves research proposals to make sure it meets ethical guidelines

Informed consent

Participants must be told waht the study is about what they’ll do and any risks

Voluntary participation

People choose to take part in the study freely and can quit at any time without penatly

Anonymity

Indentities are no connected

Reduction of significant risk

Must avoid or minimize any physcial or emotional harm 

Debrief

After are told true purpose and any important details they didnt know during experiment 

Animal research

Clear purpose, treated in a humane way, aquire animals legally, least amount of suffering 

Human research

Must be voluntary, informed consent, anonymity, no significant risk, must debrief