bio final

meiosis

meiosis

homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids separate

purposes of meiosis

genetic variation, reproduction, to create gametes

3 mechanisms for genetic variation

crossing over, individual assortment, random fertilization

fertilization

the gametes interact and the egg gets genetic info from the sperm

gametes

a reproductive cell produced during meiosis(haploid)

zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

diploid (46 chromosomes, 2n)

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

haploid (23 chromosomes, one set)

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells.

homologous chromosomes

pairs of chromosomes originating from each parent

non-disjunction

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

the relationship between alleles on homologous chromosomes

the chromosomes in a homologous pair each have the same genes in the same order but there may be variation between them, resulting in different alleles

degrees of dominance

complete, co, and incomplete

complete dominance

when only the dominant allele determines the phenotype ex. (IA, IA)

co dominance

when both dominant alleles play a role in the phenotype ex. (IA, IB)

incomplete dominance

dominant allele is only partially expressive

_____ is determined by inheritance of X and Y genes

sex

the X chromosomes carries _____

sex linked genes

the Y gene carries _____

sex determination

antibody

pieces of protein that are shaped to target viruses

antigens

carried by viruses, what the antibodies attach to

memory cells

made during virus to support body cells against it in the future

RNA vaccine

consists of nanoparticle with mRNA inside that encodes for the antigen after entering the cell, utilizes the viral antigen only NOT the protein shell

pathogen

a virus with DNA/RNA with a protein shell

vaccine

utilizes your own body defense system to create immunity for future events

natural selection

the process where organisms that have adapted to their environments tend to survive and reproduce more efficiently

genetic drift

random events that can change allele frequency in a population (one population, interbreeding)

gene flow

random exchange of alleles between two different populations ex. if one red beetle goes into the yellow beetle population randomly… the alleles are exchanged

biological species concept

a species/population that can interbreed and create fertile offspring ie. not a mule/liger

reproductive barriers

anything that prevents an individual or closely related species from interbreeding

prezygotic barrier

prevents mating or fertilization between species

temporal isolation

time based

habitat isolation

same region different habitat

behavioral isolation

coloration, odor, mating ritual

postzygotic barrier

if interspecies dating occurs and the sperm is from one species and the egg from another. usually the result if this animal makes it to being an adult will be sterile and unable to reproduce

land plant adaptations

living on land poses different problems that living in water

mycorrhizae

a type of fungus that enlarges the roots functional surface area and absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant.

four major groups of plants

bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

bryophytes

moses, no seeds, no vascular tissue

ferns

seedless but has vascular tissue

angiosperms

flowering plants

moss life cycle

generations alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte (diploid and haploid)

sporophyte

diploid generation of moss, makes spores become the gametophyte

gametophyte

a flower that develops fruit from the moss, haploid generation of moss, makes egg and sperm via mitosis

spore

a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular organism without fusing with another cell

angiosperm fertilization

angiosperms have double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg to make a diploid zygote, the single cell that through division, growth, and development will eventually yield a sporophyte embryo

egg and seed development

after the pollen tube bursts inside the female gametophyte, the two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cell initiating seed development

seed

the fertilized, matured ovule that contains an embryonic plant, stored material and a protective coat(s)

animal digestive system

mouth, stomach, small and large intestine and anus

animal circulatory system

nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream, heart pumping the blood throughout the arteries, blood cells and plasma carry nutrients

animal respiratory system

lungs and oxygen carried through the body by the circulatory system

sponge body plan and symmetry

sponges are unsymmetrical or radially symmetrical

two way digestive system

where both food and waste enter and exit through the same opening