HPCT311 - CELL INJURY, CELL DEATH AND AUTOPSY

Cell Injury

cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to adapt

Hypoxia

main cause of cell injury

Ischemia

loss of blood

Reverse Cell Injury

cell can still recover

Cellular Swelling

first manifestation where cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis failure of energy dependent ion pumps

Fatty Change

manifested as lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm, commonly see in liver

Cellular Death

irreversible injury; cell has no functions anymore

Apoptosis

form of cell death generally triggered by normal, healthy processes in the body; planned cell death; w/o inflammation

Necrosis

cell death triggered by external factors or disease; unplanned cell death; w/ inflammation and tissue damage

Coagulation Necrosis

Caused by intracellular enzymes released after cell death; Common in heart; Tissue architecture is preserved

Liquefaction Necrosis

rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells; transformation of the tissues into liquid viscous mass; nagiging fluid yung tissue sa brain

Gangrenous Necrosis

non specific form of necrosis; massive death of the tissue caused by combination of ischemia and superimposed by bacterial infection

Caseous Necrosis

conversion of destroyed cells into granular, friable mass made up of a mixture of coagulated protein and fats; cheese like appearance; common in Tuberculosis

Fat Necrosis

release of pancreatic lipase into the pancreas and peritoneal cavity; acute pancreatitis; chalky white

Gaseous Necrosis

Combination of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis; Dead cells not fully digested by macrophages

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Fiber involvement causes irregular tissue shape

Avascular Necrosis

Due to limited blood supply in the tissue

Biopsy

removal of cells or tissues for examination from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

when a sample is removed with a needle

Punch Biopsy

done with a circular blade; producing a cylindrical core of tissue

Shave Biopsy

done with a small scalpel or blade

Curettage Biopsy

scraping using curette (scoop/ring/loop instrument)

Autopsy

Post-mortem examination (Autopsia Cadaverum); Examination and dissection to determine cause of death

Algor Mortis

Cooling of body after death; Average: 1.5°F/hr; Not reliable for time of death

Rigor Mortis

Muscle rigidity due to ATP depletion

Livor Mortis

Blood pooling due to gravity

Tardieu Spots

small pinpoint hemorrhage

Medico-Legal Autopsy

cause & manner of death

Clinical or Pathological Autopsy

disease diagnosis

Anatomical or Academic Autopsy

study purposes

Virtual Autopsy

MRI & CT imaging

Y-Shaped

most common, best neck exposure

T-Shaped

aesthetic finish

Single Vertical Cut

neck down (Adam’s apple)

Autopsy of Virchow

Organs removed one by one

Simple, systematic

Autopsy of Letulle

Organs removed en bloc

Best preservation of relationships

Autopsy of Rokitansky

Organs examined in situ (in site)

Preserves anatomy

Autopsy of Ghon

Organs removed in 3 blocks

Preserves organ systems