Introduction to the Theory of Evolution

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture on the theory of evolution.

Jane Goodall

Pioneer in primatology who discovered that chimpanzees can use tools, hunt, and engage in lethal conflicts.

Primatology

The study of primates, including behavior, biology, and evolution.

DNA

A long molecule containing the genetic information necessary for the development and function of living organisms.

Diploid

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2N = 46 chromosomes).

Haploid

A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (N=23), like sperm or egg cells.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to the formation of new alleles.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Allele

A variant form of a gene that can result from a mutation.

Neutral mutation

A mutation that does not affect an individual’s fitness.

Deleterious mutation

A mutation that decreases an individual’s fitness.

Beneficial mutation

A mutation that increases an individual’s fitness.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Karyotype

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, including 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

Genetic drift

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population, which can happen more quickly in small populations.

Lactase persistence

The continued production of lactase into adulthood, allowing some individuals to digest lactose in milk.

Natural selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Gene flow

The transfer of genetic material between populations, which can alter allele frequencies.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces haploid gametes from a diploid cell.

Evolutionary biology

The branch of biology concerned with the origins and descent of species, as well as their change over time.

Fertilization

The fusion of a male and female gamete, resulting in the formation of a zygote.

Environmental factors

External elements that can influence the success of mutations as either beneficial or deleterious.