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What are the main reasons children play?
Children play for socialization, stimulation, entertainment, exploration, and relationship building.
What are typical toy preferences for boys and girls?
Boys prefer masculine toys, while girls prefer feminine toys, though both may play with either.
What is the first view on toy preferences?
It suggests that socialization from parents or peers shapes sex differences in toy preferences.
How do biological factors influence toy preferences?
Biological factors suggest that preferences reflect innate inclinations for specific activities.
What does the third view say about hormones and toy preferences?
It posits that hormones cause differences in toy preferences between boys and girls.
What did the study find about girls with a genetic condition affecting hormones?
They showed toy preferences more aligned with boys and often rejected female toys.
What was the aim of Hasset et al.'s study?
To investigate if sex differences in toy preferences in monkeys resemble those in children.
How were monkeys observed in the study?
Through a field experiment with natural enclosure observations and videotaping.
What were the independent and dependent variables?
IV: gender; DV: interaction with plush vs. wheeled toys.
How was the sample described?
It was an opportunity sample of participants.
What was the social structure of the monkeys?
21 males and 61 females in a multi-male, multi-female group of 135.
What were the exclusion criteria for monkeys?
14 adults on hormone treatments and 39 infants that couldn't be identified.
How were the monkeys housed?
In 25Ă—25 meter outdoor compounds with temperature-controlled indoor quarters.
What was the monkeys' diet?
Monkey chow twice daily, supplemented with fruits and vegetables, and continuous water access.
What categories of toys were used?
Toys were categorized by properties: wheeled (trucks, cars) and plush (teddy bears, puppets).
Describe the procedure used for observing the monkeys' interactions with the toys.
Seven 25-minute trials with toys placed 10 meters apart in an outdoor area.
How were toys positioned during trials?
Counterbalanced between left and right locations for each trial.
How were interactions recorded?
Videotaped with separate cameras for each toy, coding behaviors from footage.
What was the behavior coding system?
Behaviors included touch, hold, carry, drag, and manipulate toys.
What happened in one trial with a plush toy?
A plush toy was torn into pieces, ending the trial early.
How did observers analyze the data?
By calculating average frequencies and durations of behaviors.
How was total interaction calculated?
By summing averages for each behavior to find total interaction duration.
What were the exclusion criteria for analysis?
Subjects with fewer than 5 behaviors were excluded, resulting in 23 females and 11 males.
What was the male monkeys' toy preference?
Males preferred wheeled toys over plush toys significantly.
What did female monkeys prefer?
Females showed no significant preference for either toy type.
How did rank affect toy interaction?
Higher-ranking monkeys interacted more with both toy types.
What was the rank interaction with plush toys for females?
Higher rank correlated with more time spent on plush toys.
What conclusion was drawn about male monkeys' preferences?
Male monkeys prefer masculine-type toys, like wheeled toys.
What about female monkeys' preferences?
Female monkeys show variability in toy preference, lacking strong bias.
What biological explanation is supported by the findings?
The findings support a biological basis for toy preferences, independent of socialization.
What are the social implications of toy preferences in humans?
Negative responses are more common for boys with girls' toys than vice versa.
What are the study's strengths?
Strengths include ecological validity, standardized procedures, and control of confounding variables.
How was data collected?
Using a checklist and two observers for inter-observer reliability.
What were the mean frequency and duration for male monkeys with plush toys?
Mean frequency: 2.06; mean duration: 0.53 minutes.
What about female monkeys with plush toys?
Mean frequency: 7.97; mean duration: 1.49 minutes.
What were the mean frequency and duration for male monkeys with wheeled toys?
Mean frequency: 9.77; mean duration: 4.76 minutes.
What about female monkeys with wheeled toys?
Mean frequency: 6.96; mean duration: 1.27 minutes.
Summarize overall toy preferences among monkeys.
73% of males preferred wheeled toys; 39% of females preferred plush toys.
What are the study's weaknesses?
Weaknesses include limited toy choice and generalizability issues due to sample size.
What are the generalizability issues?
Poor generalizability due to opportunity sampling, not representing all rhesus monkeys.
How does the study ensure reliability?
Through standardized procedures and consistent toy placement for replication.
What are the potential applications of the study's results?
Results could inform toy manufacturers and aid in monkey rehabilitation.
What is the validity of the study?
Good validity due to structured observations, but lacks mundane realism.
What are the ethical considerations?
Very good, as monkeys lived in a social group with a varied diet and no children involved.
What is the nature vs nurture debate in the study?
Nature is strong, but small human sample limits strength; nurture is supported by female variability.
What is the significance of the behavioral checklist?
It allows for objective quantitative data collection, enhancing validity.
What are the implications for social learning theory?
Findings suggest socialization influences toy preferences, supporting social learning theory.
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