kahoot/review ap psych q's 2A

What was the theory bumps on the head correspond with personality and intelligence called

phrenology

Which part of a neuron is also known as the Soma and determines whether a neuron will fire

cell body

Which scientist Drew accurate drawings of neurons at his laboratory in Madrid

santiago ramon y cajal

Which part of a neuron consist of input fibers that send messages into the cell body

Dendrites

Which part of a neuron is the output fiber that sends messages to neighboring neurons

axon

Which part of a neuron surrounds the axon and allows for greater transmission speed of impulses

Mylelin sheath

What is the gap between neurons called

synapse

What is the brief electrical charge that travels down the axon called

An action potential

What are chemical messengers that traversed the synapses officially called

Neurotransmitters

Which neurotransmitter regulates mood and is increased by antidepressants and ecstasy

Serotonin

Which neurotransmitter is significantly heightened during stressful or exciting situations

Norepinephrine

Which Nero transmitter is involved in memory and is deficient in people with Alzheimer's disease

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter has been linked to pleasure, movement, motivation, and concentration

Dopamine

Which Neurotransmitter is inhibitory and is linked to anxiety and epilepsy when low

GABA

Which Nero transmitter is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter and plays a role in learning and memory

glutamate

What types of neurons take messages from the senses to the brain

afferent

What type of neurons take instructions from the brain to the muscles

efferent

What are the two major components of the central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

What part of the nervous system involves skeletal muscles that permit voluntary action

Somatic

What part of the nervous system mobilizes the body to respond to stress

Sympathetic

which brain imaging technology involves the use of several x-ray cameras that form a 3D image

Computerized axial tomography

Which brain imaging technology involves detecting brain waves the electrodes placed on the head

electroencephalogram

Which brain imaging technology can show brain structure and function and provides the top resolution

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Which term represents the brain changing over time, most dramatically following injuries

neuroplasticity

What term represents the fact that structures in the brain perform different functions

Localization

what part of the hindbrain Is involved in facial expressions and sleep paralysis

pons

What part of the hindbrain coordinates voluntary movement and balance

cerebellum

What part of the hindbrain regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

Medulla oblongata

What part of the midbrain is involved in body movement and the generation of speech

Substantia nigra

What part of the midbrain is involved in reward, motivation, cognition, and drug addiction

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

what part of the forebrain relays Sensory signals (except smell) to higher areas in the brain

thalamus

What part of the forebrain regulates hormones involved with eating, sleeping, and sex

Hypothalamus

What part of the four brain is involved in the formation of new declarative memories

Hippocampus

What part of the four brain is strongly activated during threat and fear responses

Amygdala

what are Areas in the brain that are involved in memory and emotion collectively called

The limbic system

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain

corpus callosum

What lobe contains the somatosensory cortex is involved in math and spatial skills

parietal

What lobe is involved in abstract thought, judgment, and impulse control

frontal

What lobe is involved in auditory processing and face recognition

temporal

What part of the frontal lobe controls the muscles involved in producing speech

broca's area

What part of the temporal lobe is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language

wernicke's area

What lobe in the brain contains the primary visual cortex

occipital

What part of the endocrine system is involved in growth and homeostasis

pituitary gland

What hormone is inhibited by light and increases in dark conditions (leading to sleepiness)

melatonin

what neurological condition is caused by the failure of motor/efferent neuron function

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

what neurological condition involves the loss of Myelin sheath

multiple sclerosis (MS)

What neurological condition results in excessive sociability and interest in music

Williams syndrome

What genetic disorder results and motor control problems, memory decline, and slurred speech

huntington's disease

What condition involves an extra chromosome on the 21st pair and results in intellectual impairment

down syndrome

What type of neurological condition involves the inability to form new conscious memories

anterograde amnesia

What was phrenology? Who developed the theory of phrenology

phrenology was a theory developed by franz gall that was all about having bumps on the head and how they dictate one's personality

What are neurons? What are the major parts of a neuron? What are the three major types of neurons

neurons are individual nerve cells. The major parts of the neuron are dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and the Myelin sheath. The three major types of neurons are the sensory neurons, the motor neurons, and the interneurons.

what function do afferent neurons serve

The sensory neurons, allow one to take information from the senses to the brain

what function do the interneurons serve

they take the messages from the brain or spinal cord and send them elsewhere in the brain or to the efferent neurons

what function do the efferent neurons serve

Motor neurons, take instructions back from the brain to the muscles

What are the characteristics of ALS

when your afferent neurons don't work as well and the muscles and motor neurons are not in control. One may have trouble breathing, walking, or moving in general

How do you neurons communicate

they communicate via the synapse (which is a gap between the axon of descending neuron and dendrite or receiving neuron) using neurotransmitters; they must reach the threshold of excitation

What is an action potential

Brief electrical charge that travels down the axon as it becomes depolarize due to the movement of positively charged ions entering ask on and causes release of neurotransmitters

What are neurotransmitters? What are the most important neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that allow communication between neurons (can be excitatory or inhibitory); the most important neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, GABA, endorphins, and glutamate

What is serotonin

Regulates mood, eating, sleeping, arousal (low = depression)

What is dopamine

Regulates movement and posture (and motivation and concentration) (low = Parkinson's disease, high = Tourette's)

what is acetylcholine

Regulates muscle action, cognitive functioning, and memory (low = Alzheimer's)

What is norepinephrine?

Regulates alertness, wakefulness, fight or flight (low = depression, high = mania)

What is GABA

inhibits action of target cells (Low = anxiety and epilepsy)

What are endorphins

"morphine within", Pain control and pleasure

What is glutamate?

Learning and memory (high = schizophrenia and epilepsy)

what are the two different kinds of nervous systems and what are their definitions

CNS and PNS; CNS is the brain and spinal cord; PNS is tissues outside brain and spinal cord, somatic and automatic

Somatic nervous system (skeletal)

Nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles permitting voluntary action, muscles, joints, outer skin, associated with all body movement

Autonomic nervous system

Automatic functions of body (breathing, digestion, etc.) fight or flight response

Sympathetic nervous system

mobilize his body to respond to stress, accelerate some functions

Parasympathetic nervous system

slows down body after stress response

What are the most common ways of mapping or imaging the brain

EEG, CAT, PET, MRI, FMRI

what is an EEG? what are the functions

Electrodes detect electrical activity in the brain, stimulation and certain part of the brain can result in sensation or movement

what is a CAT? what are the functions

X-ray cameras rotate around brain and combine pictures into detailed 3-D photos, shows structure but not function, useful for locating abnormalities

what is a PET? what are the functions

Measures how glucose is used by different parts of the brain during certain tasks

what is a MRI? what are the functions

uses magnetic field to measure density and location of brain material, structure not function

what is a fMRI? what are the functions

shows brain structure and blood flow, shows structure and function

what is Localization? (Give examples)

major parts of brain perform different tasks (example: HM, Phineas Gage, Broca's area, wernicke's area, phrenology)

What is a neuroplasticity? (Give examples)

Brain changes due to experience, in cases of injury certain structures on brain take on new tasks (example: Phineas Gage, hemispherectomies)

What is the medulla oblongata/brain stem

Regulates autonomic functions (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing)

what are pons

connects hindbrain With mid and forebrain, controls facial expression, swallowing, bladder control, sleep paralysis, dreams

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movement and balance, linked to autism

reticular formation

Nerve network and brain stem, controls arousal, alertness, attentiveness, connects brainstem to upper regions

What is the substantia nigra?

Body movement in generation of speech (disturbed in Tourette's, dysfunction leads to Parkinson's)

What is ventral tegmental area (VTA)

reward, motivation, cognition, drug addiction (nucleus accumbens and insula also linked to reward)

Thalamus

Receive some transmit sensory signals (not smell), integrated consciousness

Hypothalamus

Controls metabolic functions (body temperature, libido, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, endocrine system) (stress response HPA axis)

Amygdala

arousal, regulation of emotion, initial reaction to sensory info, threat and fear response (benign masochism)

Hippocampus

Storage of new info in memory, new memory formation

Limbic system (emotion and memory)

Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

cerebral cortex/cerebrum

Upper forebrain, densely packed with neurons, as we develop and learn, these neurons connect with others

What behaviors and talents are associated with the right hemisphere of the brain? What about the left side? What connects the two hemispheres

right: spatial construction, Nonverbal imagery, face recognition, big picture, imagination, creativity, negative emotions, left-handed touch and movement; left: logic, reasoning, number manipulation, arithmetic, language (grandma), right hand in touch and movement; corpus callosum

what did roger sperry's experiments on "split brain" patients reveal?

people aren't really left or right brained; One side of the brain can almost completely absorbed the responsibilities of the other side of the brain if it is removed (some motor deficits on side that was removed); we are contralateral

What are the four major lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

what are the functions of the frontal lobe

abstract thought, impulse control, emotional regulation, prefrontal cortex (attention, planning, memory) broca's area (controlling muscles producing speech) motor cortex (Sends signals to muscles and controls voluntary movement)

what are the functions of the parietal lobe

math and spatial skills, somatosensory cortex (receives incoming touch sensations from body) (top receive sensations from bottom of body)

What are the functions of the occipital lobe

Interpret messages from eyes into visual cortex, contralateral

What are the functions of the temporal lobe

process sound sensed by ears, wernicke's area (interprets written and spoken speech, or factory (smell) interpretation, facial recognition (fusiform gyrus)

what function does broca's area serve

responsible for controlling muscles involved in producing speech; aphasia which means difficulty speaking, stuttering, diminished broca's area

what functions does wernicke's area serve

Interprets both written and spoken speech; damage = receptive aphasia (diminished ability to understand language)