Micro lp2

Merismopedia - a grid-like structure 

Anabaena - vegetative cells (Heterocyst is empty ball, Akinete thick dark oval survival structure) 

Diatoms - glass like, geometric silica golden brown color sometimes

Dinoflagellates- they kinda look like walnuts 2 flagella + causes red tide Paralytic shellfish poisoning

Red algea- (phycoerythrin) absorbs deep light and multicellular so eukaryotic

green algae- chloroplasts , eukaryotic

what is the function of heterocyst?

nitrogen fixation (no photosynthesis)

what is the function of akinete ?

survival spore for harsh conditions

what is the function of a vegetative cell?

for photosynthesis

Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

prokaryotic

do cyanobacteria have a nucleus and organelles?

no nucleus no membrane bound organelles

photosynthesis happens in the thylakoid membranes in cytoplasm

What kinds of pigments do cyanobacteria have?

blue and green

What is the function of a trichome?

chain of cyanobacteria that allows for a passage for nutrient sharing

what is a sheath?

a protective layer around the trichome

What medical issues can dinoflagellates cause?

paralytic shellfish poisoning

what types of cyanobacteria did we see?

merismopedia and Anabaena

what is the study of fungi called

Mycology

are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

fungi are eukaryotes

are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs

fungi are heterotrophs (feed on other organisms for energy)

 What are the two types of fungi? What are the differences between

the two?

Yeast (unicellular) Mold (multi, grows as long thin strands called hypha) 

pseudohypha (candida)

hypha (singular)

yeast

what is a fungal spore? when is it produced?

haploid, single celled, used by fungi to spread, reproduce and survive in extreme environments

what is an example of a zygomycetes?

A sporangium produces spores (reproduction) tip of hypha

what is the Sporangium of Rhyzopus ?

Penicillium chrysogenum (dark, broom like)

Aspergillium (pom pom, looks white like dandelion)

Yeast (budding ovals)

Are protozoan eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic has membrane bound organelles

Are protozoan unicellular? Multicellular? Both?

Unicellular

 How do we classify protozoans?

Type of movement motility

 Know the examples given for each type of locomotion

Cyst : non motile , thick walls, dormant (survival outside host  contamination stage) think “c” for concrete → not motile

Trophozoite: active, motile, feeding form (causes damage to host)

flagellar swimming, ciliary beating, amoeboid pseudopodia, twitching, gliding, and sliding,

Euglena (flagellate)

Paramecium (ciliate → uses cilia)

ameoba (pseudopods)

what is a cyst?

 A closed sac-like pocket of tissue , its dormant , thick walls, non-motile c for concrete not moving

 What is a trophozoite?

The feeding stage of a protazoa, active, motile, damages the host inside

Which protozoans have flagella?

Euglena, Giardia, Trypanosoma, Trichomonas

Which protozoans move in an ameboid fashion?

Ameobas, crawling movement

which protozoans are non-motile? which move with cilia?

apicomplexans ; paramecium ciliate

What protozoan causes giardiasis?

 Giardia Lamblia

How would you be exposed to that

Protozoan? (giardia lamblia)

Contaminated water

What protozoan causes African sleeping sickness?

Trypanosoma brucei

How do you pick uup African sleeping sickness?

tse tse fly

What protozoan causes Chagas disease?

 Trypanosoma Cruzi (like crucio)  kissing bug

What protozoan causes trichomoniasis?

STD  Trichomonas vaginalis 

What protozoan causes malaria?

Plasmodium

How do you pick up malaria?

Anopheles mosquito

Disinfectants

Chemicals used on inanimate obj. (countertops, tables, equipment)

Antiseptics:

Chemical used on living tissue (alcohol wipes, iodine)

Bacteriostatic

“static” inhibits growth but does not kill STOP

Bactericidal

 KILLS bacteria “Cida”- suicidal to bacteria

What is a zone of inhibition?

After placing antibiotic discs and incubating, bacteria will not grow near chemicals that work

If a microbe is susceptible to a chemical, is the zone big or small?

Susceptible = BIG zone of inhibition 

If a microbe is resistant to a chemical, is the zone big, small or non-

Existent?

Small or NO ZONE (chemical does NOT work)

What is the Kirby Bauer test?

To determine which antibiotic works best 

1. Swab lawn of bacteria on agar dish 

2. Apply antibiotics

3. Incubate for two-three days 

4. Measure zones of incubation using  S,R,I (susceptible: Big ZOI) (resistant: small ZOI) (intermediate: medium ZOI) 

 For the phenol coefficient test, what was used as a control? What

Percentage?

Phenol is the control used with a 5% concentration

 Usually, you measure the diameter for the zone of inhibition, if you

can’t how would calculate the zone?

Measure in mm ; measure the radius by (x2) ; OR take two perpendicular measurements and average it. 

Be able to explain how you did the phenol coefficient and Kirby

Bauer test

Phenol coefficient= dilution of test chemical / dilution of phenol 

A coefficient greater than 1.0 means the disinfectant is more effective than phenol.

What is a satellite colonies? What do they mean about resistance?

Satellite colonies grow inside zone of inhibition, this means the bacteria are developing resistance

PRSA?

Penicillium-resistant staph aureus 

MRSA?

Methicillin-resistant staph aureus

VISA

Vancomycin-intermediate staph aureus

VRSA

Vancomycin-resistant staph aureus 

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

Broad spectrum works on Gram+ and Gram– 

Broad = more side effects (kills normal flora)

Amoxicillins , piperacillin , flurouquinolone,

what is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

works on specific groups like Gram+ penicillin

= preferred when organism is know

Vancomycin’s , axithromycin ,

What does ELISA stand for?

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay

Explain what the ELISA we did was looking for?

It was used to detect antibodies in the patient’s serum (to see if they were exposed to or infected by a specific pathogen). to see if the pt has antibodies against the disease antigen in the well

• If the patient’s serum contained antibodies → they would bind → leading to a positive color reaction.

General steps of ELISA

1. antigen coated on well → sticks to plastic well → provides the target

2. add patient serum → antibodies (if present) bind to antigen → detects exposure

3. add secondary antibody (enzyme linked) → enzyme converts substate color → shows positive result if changes color

What was first bound to the well?

the antigen (from the pathogen)

Then what was bound to the well?

The patient’s antibodies (if present in their serum)

Then what? (after pts serum)

The enzyme-linked secondary antibody → this antibody binds to the patient’s antibody.

What was the substrate?

TMB (Tetramethylbenzidine) is the most common substrate used in ELISA labs.

What was the enzyme bound to?

The enzyme (HRP – Horseradish Peroxidase) was bound to the secondary antibody.

If both the enzyme and substrate were present, what happened?

A color change occurred (usually blue → yellow)

Color = POSITIVE result

No color = Negative (no antibodies present)

What was the positive control? Why?

Serum with known antibodies and proves the test works and should turn color

What was the negative control? Why?

serum with no antibodies and shows what a true negative looks like (no color) without it you wouldnt know for sure if your test was valid

What is the purpose of the wash buffer?

To wash away unbound antibodies so that:

• Only specific binding remains

• Prevents false positives

(If you don’t wash → everything sticks → all wells turn color)

What was in each well (Row A–D)

Row	Contents	Expected Result
A	Positive control serum	Should turn color
B	Negative control serum	Should stay clear
C	Patient sample 1	Unknown (positive or negative)
D	Patient sample 2	Unknown (positive or negative)