Reflex Physiology & General Senses

Flashcards covering key concepts of reflex physiology and general senses in biology.

What is a reflex?

A comparatively simple automatic response to a stimulus.

What are the functions of most neural reflexes?

To maintain balance and posture, protect from danger or injury, and carry out routine activities like chewing or walking.

What is the reflex arc?

A neural pathway consisting of a receptor, sensory relay, integration center, motor command relay, and effector.

What distinguishes monosynaptic reflexes from polysynaptic reflexes?

Monosynaptic reflexes involve one synapse and are faster, while polysynaptic reflexes involve at least one interneuron.

What is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

The knee-jerk reflex.

What types of muscles are involved in somatic vs. autonomic reflexes?

Somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscles and are voluntary, while autonomic reflexes involve smooth muscles, glands, or visceral organs and are involuntary.

What are acquired reflexes?

Reflexes that are learned through experience, such as driving or walking.

What are the two main categories of sensory receptors?

General and special sensory receptors.

What is the function of exteroceptors?

They monitor external conditions such as heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure.

What do proprioceptors monitor?

They provide postural information and monitor muscle position.

What do Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles detect?

Meissner's corpuscles detect light touch, while Pacinian corpuscles detect forceful pressure and vibrations.

What is the role of intrafusal fibers in muscle spindles?

They monitor muscle position and ensure muscles are not overstretched.

How do sensory neurons interact with α-motor neurons in muscle contraction?

Sensory neurons send impulses to the CNS, which sends signals back to extrafusal fibers via α-motor neurons to regulate muscle contraction.

What is adaptation in the context of sensory receptors?

Desensitization to constant stimuli.

What is 2-point discrimination test?

A test used to determine sensitivity by measuring the smallest distance at which two points of stimulation can be felt as separate.

What are the tests mentioned that are related to auditory and balance evaluation?

Rinne’s test, Weber’s test, Barany test, Romberg test, and Visual Acuity Test.