CH 10 Social and Personality Dev. Middle Childhood

industry vs. inferiority stage

age 6-12, characterized by a focus on efforts to

attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world

Social comparison

comparing themselves to the abilities, expertise, and opinions of others

During this stage how do describe themselves?

In more psychological traits

downward social comparisons

comparisons with others who are obviously

less competent or successful to raise or protect a child’s self-esteem

upward social comparison

evaluate abilities against those who appear to be more proficient and successful than they are→ aspirational models or think they will never be as good as someone else

self esteem

an individual’s overall and specific positive or negative self-evaluation

Cycle of failure

I feel like I am going to bad anyway so I don’t even try (this can be broken through authoritative parenting)

social identity theory

people from underrepresented groups do not accept the views of their group by people from a majority group, their self-esteem will not be

affected

Kohlberg’s Sequence/Theory of Moral Reasoning

S1-2:Preconventional morality

S3-4:Conventional morality

S5-6:Postconventional morality

Good account of moral judgment but not moral behavior

Preconventional Morality

avoidance of punishment and the desire for rewards (a child not wanting to steal medicine because they will get punished)

Conventional Morality

people approach problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members of society (I wouldn’t steal because society says that stealing is against the law, and if I stole then everyone would steal)

Postconventional morality

universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society (ex: I would steal the medicine because someone is dying and in need of help)

Gilligan’s 3 stages of moral development for women

1)Orientation toward individual survival (what is best for them)

2)Goodness as self-sacrifice

3)Morality of Non-violence

William Damon’s friendship stages

Stage 1 (ages 4–7)

(1) Children see friends as like themselves.

(2) Children see friends as people to share toys and activities with.

(3) Children do not take into account personal traits.

b) Stage 2 (ages 8–10)

(1) Children now begin to take other’s personal qualities and traits into consideration.

(2) Friends are viewed in terms of the kinds of rewards they provide.

(3) Friendships are based on mutual trust.

c) Stage 3 (ages 11–15)

(1) Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty.

(2) Friendships involve psychological closeness, mutual disclosure, and exclusivity.

Status

the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group

Social Competence

characteristic of popular children, the collection of individual social skills

that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings

Social Problem Solving

the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both

to oneself and to others

Kenneth Dodge Problem Solving Steps

(1) Find and identify relevant social cues.

(2) Interpret and evaluate the social cues.

(3) Determine possible problem-solving responses.

(4) Evaluate responses and their possible consequences.

(5) Choose a response.

Bullying

Consists of Verbal, Physical, Relational, and Cyberbullying

Dominance heirarchy

which is composed of rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group hierarchy (characteristic of boys)

restrictive play

interactions are interrupted when status is challenged in the dominance hierarchy

Coregulation

a period in which parents and children jointly control children’s

behavior

sibling rivalry

fighting between siblings, most intense when siblings are close in age and the same gender

Self-Care children

youngsters who let themselves into their homes after school

and wait alone until their parents return from work, previously known as latchkey children

Family Dynamics

½ of children will pass through childhood living with both parents, divorce rate is high, children tend to blame themselves for the breakup initially, eventually adjust, many children also have a single-parent

Multigenerational families

households consisting of several generations

living together

Blended families

a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them

role ambiguity

can occur in blended families, roles and expectations become

unclear

group home or residential treatment center

replaced the word “orphanage”, place for youngsters whose parents are no longer able to care for them adequately

Attributions

Burner Weiner’s theory based on this, someone’s understanding of the reasons behind their behavior

dispositional factors: internal to a person

situational factors: external to a person

Emotional Regulation

the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression,

and regulation of emotions

Imposter syndrome

suggests the conclusion that even with future effort, success will be unattainable