HOSA behavioral health

amygdala

“angry almond” - fear and aggression/other emotions

which lobe of the brain is pictured?

occipital lobe

which lobe of the brain is pictured?

frontal lobe

which lobe of the brain is pictured?

parietal lobe

which lobe of the brain is pictured?

temporal lobe

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

rest and digest

what is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

fight or flight

what is neuroleptic malignant syndrome

a potentially fatal emergency caused by high doses of numerous neuroleptics

what is a common side effect of clozapine?

hypersalivation

what are characteristics of tardive dyskinesia?

bizarre facial and tongue movements that are potentially irreversible

what are the causes of tardive dyskinesia?

long term use of neuroleptics

what are some common neuroleptics?

haloperidol, risperdal, clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole

what are some characteristics of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

BP changes, tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, parkinsonian symptoms

what is the abbreviation for neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

NMS

what is the abbreviation for dopamine?

DA

what is the abbreviation for serotonin?

5-HT

what is the abbreviation for norepinephrine?

NE

anxiolytics MOA

potentiate effects of GABA (except buspar)

typical antis

atypical antipsychotics MOA

block DA receptors

norepinephrine (NE) - function:

mood, stimulates ANS for fight or flight, cognition, sleep, arousal, locomotion, CV functioning

NTs involved in anxiety

Inc. DA

Inc. NE

Inc. 5-HT

Dec. GABA

NTs involved in depression

Inc. ACh

Dec. DA

Dec. NE

Dec. 5-HT

NTs involved in schizophrenia

Inc. DA

Inc. NE

Dec. GABA

NTs involved in parkinson’s

Dec. DA

Inc. ACh

NTs involved in alzheimer’s

Inc. DA

Inc. NE

Dec. ACh

what are psychotropics?

medications that affect psychic function, behavior, or experience

what are 3 common antipsychotics?

Haldol

Thorazine

Compazine

is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

inhibitory

is GLUTAMATE inhibitory or excitatory?

excitatory

how can children with depression can present with depression?

irritable or cranky

how should major depressive disorder (MDD) be treated?

antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

what is the goal of intrapersonal therapy?

reduce depressive symptoms and develop effective strategies in coping with social and interpersonal relations

what is bipolar disorder treated with?

lithium

what are the four theories of emotion?

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, Lazarus

bipolar disorder

mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression

abnormalities in what neurotransmitter are associated with schizophrenia?

dopamine

what course is major depressive disorder treated with?

cyclic course

what is the cyclic course of treatment for major depressive disorder?

first, the acute symptoms are treated, then continued treatment is provided to prevent early relapse, and lastly, maintenance therapy is given to make relapse less likely

masked depression

a term for people who do not report a depressed mood but suffer from major depressive episodes

when is a depressed individual at the highest risk for committing suicide?

after the initiation of treatment, during the 6-9 month period of symptom recovery

who are antidepressants most effective with?

elderly pt, individuals who have dosage requirements reduced due to the need for hepatic clearance and protein binding.

the two main endocrine systems studied in psychology are:

Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis changes noted in a person with bipolar disorder include…

nocturnal TSH peak, blunted TSH response to TRH administration, and high prevalence of hypothyroidism

James-Lange Theory (of emotion)

Event -> Physiological response -> Emotion

example of James-Lange Theory (of emotion)

stimulus/event:

arousal/physiological response:

emotion:

stimulus/event: a threatening grizzly bear approaching

arousal/physiological response: heart pounding, trembling, sweating, running away

emotion: fear

Cannon-Bard Theory (of emotion)

Event -> Physiological response AND emotion (simultaneous)

example of Cannon-Bard Theory (of emotion):

stimulus/event:

arousal/physiological response and emotion:

stimulus/event: a threatening grizzly bear approaching

arousal/physiological response and emotion: heart pounding, trembling, sweating, running away and fear

Schlachter-Singer Theory (of emotion)

Event -> Physiological response -> Identify REASON for physiological response -> emotion

example of Schlachter-Singer Theory (of emotion):

stimulus/event:

arousal/physiological response:

cognitive label/identify reason:

emotion:

stimulus/event: a threatening grizzly bear approaching

arousal/physiological response: heart pounding, trembling, sweating, running away

cognitive label/identify reason: “That is one scary bear! I’m afraid of it!”

emotion: fear

Lazarus Theory (of emotion)

Event -> APPRAISAL of event -> emotion and physiological response (two factor theory but reversed)

buprenorphine

opioid agonist (first line)

agonist

mimic and increase effects of NTs

antagonist

blocks and decreases effects of NTs

naloxone

life saving opioid antagonist

what is naloxone used for?

subdue cravings and in emergencies

disulfiram

alcohol antagonist

what does disulfiram do?

will create unpleasant reaction to alcohol

modafinil

non-amphetamine CNS stimulant and wakefulness promoting agent

what does modafinil do?

treats narcolepsy

clozapine

antipsychotic

what does clozapine treat?

schizophrenia

what is one major side effect of clozapine?

agranulocytosis

what is agranulocytosis?

low levels of granulocytes in blood

what are people with agranulocytosis prone to?

infection

what is a granulocyte?

white blood cell type containing small granules with protein in them

intramuscular haloperidol

drug used to treat schizophrenia inserted into muscle

who is intramuscular haloperidol NOT for?

older patients with dementia-related psychosis

what do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do?

blocks reuptake of serotonin

fluoxetine

first line SSRI

what does fluoxetine treat?

depression, anxiety, eating disorders, panic attacks

what are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

drug class first released in 1959 as a pharmacotherapy for MDD

why aren’t tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) used much anymore?

due to SSRIs and SNRIs having less side effects and being safer in overdose

amitriptyline

TCA

what does amitriptyline do?

increases serotonin, nerve pain med

what should be monitored in lithium usage?

EKG, thyroid + renal functions, lithium levels, electrolyte (blood / urine) + creatinine (renal) levels

where is the first psychology lab?

germany

first experimental psychologist

wilhelm wundt

opioids increase the release of what neurotransmitter?

dopamine

what neurotransmitters do TYPICAL antipsychotics affect?

block dopamine receptors

what do ATYPICAL antipsychotics affect?

lower affinity and occupancy for the dopaminergic receptors, HIGHER degree of occupancy of the SEROTONINERGIC receptors

what neurotransmitters do benzodiazepines affect?

they enhance the effects of GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric acid)

what neurotransmitters do SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) effect?

increases serotonin by blocking reuptake

what neurotransmitters do SNRIs (Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) effect?

increases serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake

what does histamine do?

causes many symptoms of allergies

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors called RODS and CONES plus layers of neurons to process visual information

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

macula

round darker area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the CENTRAL VISION FIELD

retinal blood vessels

the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the rods and cones of the retina

vitreous body

a transparent, jellylike substance filling the interior of the eyeball

what does the vitreous body do?

help stabilize the eye and give physical support

conjunctiva

delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

sclera

white part of eye

ciliary body and muscle

a muscle that controls the shape of the lens to better focus the light onto the retina of the inner eye

lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that CHANGES SHAPE to help focus images on the retina

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters (the black dot)

cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil

what does the iris do?

controls the size of the pupil opening

rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray