US History semester 1 final

basically a copy of the study guide online

3 parts of the U.S. constitution

Preamble, Articles, and Amendments

checks and balances

it keeps one branch of government from becoming too powerful

What is the Bill of Rights? What do they do/protect?

the first 10 amendments intended to protect citizens rights and individual liberties

Federalism

Sharing power between central government and states

three branches of government

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial

who is a part of the legislative branch and what does the legislative branch do

the two houses (senate and house of representatives). they propose and pass laws.

who is a part of the executive branch and what does the executive branch do

the president and his or her advisors and various departments and agencies. This branch enforces laws

who is a part of the Judicial branch and what does the judicial branch do

national courts, they interpret the laws.

suffrage

the right to vote

weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation that were changed with the constitution

• Most power belonged to the states

• only one branch of government

• Legislative branch had too few powers

• No judicial or executive branch

• no systems of checks and balances

popular sovereignty

the political authority belongs to the people

Constitution

set of basic principles and laws that lists the powers and duties of the government

What was the war of 1812 about. Who was fighting. why would some call this a second revolutionary war.

western expansion, independence. US versus Great Britain. They were still trying to enforce their independence from Great Britian

President that believed in a strong executive branch, and vetoed more bills than all prior presidents combined

Andrew Jackson

States’ rights doctrine

a belief since the states formed the national government. the states power should be greater than the federal government power

Indian Removal Act

authorized the removal of native americans who lived east of the Mississippi river to lands in the west

What states were native americans relocated to following the indian removal act

Oklahoma

What tribe was the first to be moved following the indian removal act

Choctaw Tribe

Nullification Crisis

Made by John C Calhoun. Stated that states could ignore federal laws if they believed that those laws violated the constitution

secede

to formally withdraw from (the union).

Fugitive slave act

made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest slaves in free areas. It forced the north to become a part of slavery.

Jefferson Davis

The one president of the confederate states of america

reasons for southern states secession

• the election of 1860 (abraham lincoln becoming president)

• issues about slavery

• issues about states rights

Dred scott vs. sanford

supreme court case that decided that african americans were not considered citizens rather property, and therefore had no right to sure in federal court.

election of 1860, who ran for office and who won

Stephen Douglas, John C Breckinridge, John Bell, and Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won.

What were the thoughts of both sides on length and victory in the civil war

both sides thought they would win easily and it would be a quick war.

advantages the north had in the civil war

greater population, more resources, more rail roads, better firearms

advantages the south had in the civil war

more experienced military, “home field” advantage, cotton

significance of Fort Sumter

attacked by the confederate troops, beginning the civil war

Winfield Scott’s multipart strategy

blockade, seize richmond, get mississippi river and split south in two.

what was the first battle of the civil war? what wat the outcome?

Battle of fort sumter, the confederates won.

Robert E. Lee

american soldier, led confederate forces after declining Lincolns request to lead the union.

Ulysses S. Grant

• led union forces beginning in march 1864

• accepted Lee’s surrender

• 18th president of the united states

Battle of Antietam

• union victory

• bloodiest single day battle in US history

abolitionist

a person who wants to abolish slavery all throughout the country (not just the south).

Emancipation Proclamation

ended slavery in the Confederacy, did not apply to the border states

Who was Abraham Lincoln? What were his accomplishments?

• 16th president of the USA

• ended the civil war

• freed all slaves (emancipation proclamation)

Why was it significant that illness killed twice as many people as combat did?

showed how poor the medical conditions were

Desertion during the Civil war was a problem for which side(s)?

• problem for both sides

• the act of illegally leaving the armed forces

What methods did the North use to pay for the War?

• income tax

• inflation

• printing more money

Clara Barton

a union nurse that founded red cross

Gettysburg Address: What was it about? Who gave the speech? why would some call this a turning point in the war?

• a speech to honor the soldiers bravery who died there

• Lincoln gave the speech

• Lincoln looked ahead to a final union victory

What did the 54th Massachusetts infantry do?

they captured Ft. Wagner

Johnson’s reconstruction plan

grants statehood once they had a new constitution, elected a new state government, cancelled its war debts, repealed its act of secession, and ratified the 13th amendment

the goal of Lincolns reconstruction plan

the south needs to be rebuilt and he wanted to restore statehood as soon as possible using the 10% plan

Civil war amendments 13th, 14th, 15th

13- abolished slavery, 14- granted citizenship, 15- gave the right to vote

Jim Crow Laws

enforced segregation

Reconstruction

the process of rebuilding

Plessy versus Ferguson outcome

segregation was constitutional as long as the facilities provided equal to blacks and whites.

was equality felt by all immediately after Reconstruction?

no, the blacks were punished and never treated or accepted equally

capitalism

businesses are privately owned, not owned by the government.

Bessemer Process

made steel production way more efficient

monopoly

when a company or individual completely controlls an industry

horizontal integration

reducing competition through mergers and buyouts (across the horizon) allowing total control by one person/firm/company of that industry or product

vertical integration

owning every step of the production process that normally would be owned by separate different companies (start to finish)

entrepreneur

a bold risk taker who establishes new buisnesses

cornelius vanderbilt

an entrepreneur who owned a lot of railroads

andrew carnegie

in the steel industry

john d. rockefeller

the standard oil company owner

Sherman Antitrust Act

outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade

why was the division of labor thought to be a successful way to work historically

a person only had to know how to do one thing, making it more efficient

Labor Unions

groups of workers who organized to protect the interests of its members

why were children used as laborers in factories?

they didn’t need to get paid as much and were expected to do the same amount of work as the adults

strike

labor action in which workers simply refuse to go to work

push factors

things that cause people to want to move from their country ex. war, hunger.

pull factors

attractions that draw people to another place ex. work, religious freedoms, land.

Ellis Island

New York, had less security (3E’s Europeans, East coast, Ellis island)

Angel Island

“ellis island of the west”, had more security (2A’s Angel island, Asians)

steerage

where many immigrants went if they couldn’t afford cabins and upper deck (on the ship to america)

settlement house

a community center that provided a variety of services to the poor, especially immigrants. (first one was in chicago)

nativism

favoring the interest of native born americans over immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act

Prohibited the immigration of chinese laborers, skilled or unskilled, for a decade

Americanization

we needed to protect the values and traditions in america