Rhodes Study Material Part 1

Articular System, Basic Terminology, Muscle Terminology

fibrous

no movement

synarthrosis

sutures of the skull

syndesmosis

ligamentous joint 

amphiarthrodial 

little movement, pubic symphysis 

diarthrodial (synovial) 

a lot of movement, shoulder, knee, hip 

classifications of synovial non axial joints

plane (gliding)

plane (gliding)

between two flat surfaces, allows very limited movement, allows joint to slide/glide, does NOT rotate on an axis, intercarpal joiints, patella femoral joint

classifications of synovial uniaxial joints 

hinge (ginglymus), modified hinge (modified ginglymus), pivot

hinge (ginglymus)

motion in only one plane about a single axis of motion/rotation, flexion/extension, elbow

modified hinge (modified ginglymus)

flexion/extension, and some rotation, knee

pivot (trochoid)

allows rotation, C1/C2, radioulnar

classification of synovial biaxial joints

condyloid, ellipsoidal

condyloid 

large convex surface with shallow concave surface, 2 planes/ 2 axes, MCP 

ellipsoidal

large convex surface with large concave surface, radiocarpal joint of wrist

classification of synovial triaxial joints

ball and socket (enarthrodial/spheroidal) , saddle (sellar)

ball and socket (enarthrodial/spheroidal)

joint moves in 3 planes on 3 axes, shoulder/hip

saddle (sellar) joint

joint moves in 3 planes on 3 axes, MCP joint of thumb, sternoclavicular joint 

fibrous capsule 

surrounds and encases a joint, protects articular surfaces of bone 

synovial membrane

inner layer of the fibrous capsule, thick vascular connective tissue, secretes synovial fluid 

synovial fluid

thick clear fluid, lubricates the joint

ligament

connects bone to bone, prevents excessive joint movements

tendon

connects bone to muscle

sprain

injury to a ligament is a

strain 

injury to a tendon is a 

bursae

small, fluid filled sac that acts as a cushion, reduces friction between moving parts of body, helps move joints smoothly, commonly found in shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees

subcutaneous

under the skin

subtendinous

under tendons

submuscular 

under muscles 

itis

inflammation

dislocation

complete displacement of one bone end from the other

subluxation

incomplete separation of a joint, common after strokes or dislocations

osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular cartilage, often age related

tendonitis 

inflammation of a tendon, usually due to overuse 

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon sheath

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa, often caused by repetitive motion or pressure

anatomical postion

frame of reference, feet together, arms to sides, head pointing forwards, palms of hands oriented to face forwards

prone

lying on stomach 

supine 

laying on back 

flexion

bending, movement that decreases joint angle

extension

straightening, causing increased angle

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

movement towards midline 

medial rotation 

anterior surface moves midline 

lateral rotation 

anterior surface moves away from midline 

sagital plane

divides body into right and left

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior

axes

a point about which a part rotates

sagittal axis 

runs through a joint from front to back 

frontal axis

runs through a joint from side to side

vertical axis

runs through a joint from top to bottom

degrees of freedom

number of planes or the number of axes in which a joint can move

origin

proximal attachment to muscle

insertion 

distal attachment to muscle 

agonist 

muscle most directly performing the action 

antagoinist 

muscle that opposes the action

co-contraction

when agonist and antagonist contract at the same time

stabilizer

muscle that holds a body segment stationary so another muscle can more effectively perform an action 

synergists

muscles that help perform an action

isometric

active force, constant length, no joint angle changed

isokinetic

constant speed, varying resistance

concentric

shortening, decrease between proximal and distal

eccentric 

lengthening, increase between proximal and distal, dominated by gravity 

isotonic

both concentric and eccentric are types of, maintains constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length 

open kinetic chain

movement of the distal segment of bone on a proximal segment, occurs at single joint, typically non weight bearing, improves strength, power, and endurance, bicep curl, leg curl, leg kicks, arm raises

closed kinetic chain 

proximal segment moves over fixed distal segment, joints depend on each other, more weight bearing, improves strength, power, endurance, stability, balance, proprioception, kinesthetic, coordination, agility, squats, leg press, step ups, push ups, pull ups

range of motion (ROM)

full unrestricted motion available at a joint, amount of angular motion at a joint

passive range of motion (PROM)

motion of the joint that does not require/allow use of muscle activation, no voluntary muscle contraction, motion is produced by an external force, therapist performs movement, gravitational pull strengthens the muscle 

active assistive range of motion (AAROM) 

assisstance provided by outside force, assist weak muscles, use of a cane, wall, opposite extremity 

active range of motion (AROM)

movement is produced entirely by voluntary active muscle contraction, pt performs independently

active insufficiency

must be a muscle that spans 2 joints, maximal position of muscle shortening across two joints 

passive insufficiency 

must be a muscle that spans 2 joints, maximal position of muscle lengthening across the joints