Flashcards to cram for AP HuG Exam

Good Luck :D

Acculturation

groups exchange ideas but keep distinct features

Assimilation

groups interact and one changes to resemble dominant culture

Built landscape

appearance of an area shaped by both human and natural influences

Cartography

science of making maps.

Census

official count or survey of a population

Climate

long term average weather condition in an area

Cluster

group of things positioned or occurring closely together

Concentration

extent of feature spread over space

Conservation

manage resources to meet needs while saving up for future

Contagious Diffusion

rapid diffusion of characteristic throughout a population

Culture

custom beliefs, social forms, and material traits that form a group’s distinct tradition.

Cultural landscape

Fashioning/modification of a natural landscape by cultural group

Density

frequency of something occurring in space

Environmental Determinism

how physical environment causes social development

Diffusion

process by which features spread across space

Distance decay

how interaction between groups lessens as distance increases

Disperse

distributing things equally over a wide area

Ecosystem

where living biotic organisms interact; biosphere

Erosion

when soil is washed away by wind and rain; abiotic factors like atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

Five Themes of Geography

Movement, Region, Human-Environment Interaction, Location, Place

Geographic information system (GIS)

computer that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products.

Global positioning system (GPS)

system that determines precise position of something on Earth using satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Globalization

Actions or processes involving entire world, Multinational/Transnational corporations

Hearth

region where an innovative idea originated.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Idea spreads from powerful people/authority

Human-Environment Interaction

Relationship between humans and surroundings; Adapt, Modify, Depend

International Date Line

imaginary line separating time zones from one day to another on the globe.

Latitude

horizontal numbering system indicating location of parallels on a globe; measure distance north and south of the equator (0°).

Location

Specific coordinates or relative associations pinpoint absolute position

Longitude

vertical numbering system indication location of meridians on a globe; measure distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

Map

flat 2d depiction of Earth's surface

Migration

The movement of individuals or groups from one location to another, often influencing cultural and economic exchange while spreading out ideas

Meridians

arc drawn on a map between North and South poles

Network

Chain of communication connecting places

Parallels

circle drawn around globe parallel to equator and angles to meridians at the right

Place

point on Earth distinguished by a particular physical landforms or human additions

Possibilism

Although environment is limited, people can adapt and adjust by modifying

Preservation

maintain condition of resources with little human interference

Projection

transfers Earth’s locations to flat map

Region

area distinguished by unique trends or features; Perceptual/vernacular is fueled by feelings, Nodal focuses on central function, uniform has formal economy, politics, or social structure

Regionalism

organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are all different

Relocation

Idea spreads through migration/movement of people

Resource

substance in environment useful to people, helps economy and technology

Scale

Compare size of features on a map to real life

Site

physical character of a place

Situation

location of a place relative to other places

Space

gap or interval between two objects

Space-Time Compression

reduced amount of time for something to reach another place

Stimulus

underlying principle spreads although characteristic itself did not diffuse

Sustainability

ensure resources are available in future (renewable and nonrenewable)

Syncretism

both groups form new elements of culture

Toponym

Name of a place

Isoline

A line on a map connecting points of equal value, such as temperature or elevation.

Dot distribution

Size of each dot shows numerical value

Choropleth

Darker color/shading represents greater numerical value

Graduated Symbol

Size of symbol changes according to numerical value

Cartogram

A map in which the sizes of geographic regions are scaled according to the value of a specific variable, distorting their actual shapes to emphasize data representation.

Winkel Tripel

Used in most textbooks/atlases, shows relative size of places near equator and distorts the North and South Poles

Interrupted Goode

Maintains the accurate size of landmasses while distorting shapes and distances. The disconnected sections makes it difficult to study spatial relationshipsand analyze patterns effectively.

Mercator

Help navigate oceans, rectangular shape, keeps direction. Distorts sizes near the polar areas and doesn’t accurately represent some countries

Robinson

Less distortion at equator; distorts everything by a bit, especially poles

Polar

Focus on North/South Poles and places nearest and distorts places near the equator

Gall-Peters

Shows correct size/shape of landmasses and oceans, distorts regions along edges

Asylum seeker

refugee who migrates permanently to another country for protection, not recognized by government as a refugee (an official recognition of a person fleeing a conflict)

Antinatalist

Support lower birth rates

Pronatalist

Government supports high birth rates

Brain drain

emigration of skilled workers in country

Brain gain

immigration of skilled workers to new countries

Carrying capacity

max number of people Earth’s resources can sustain, higher when near reliable source to accommodate population distribution

Census

Given by the U.S. government every decade; it collects demographic data, including age, race, and housing information, which helps in policy making and resource allocation.

Chain migration

migration that happens in a series of steps

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive movement that occurs regularly

Counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

number of births per 1,000 people each year

Crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per 1,000 people

Demography

scientific study of human populations

Distribution

pattern of where people live

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

model describing change in CBR, CDR, and population growth through stages of economic and scientific development

Dependency ratio

estimate of number of non working people supported by a society

Diaspora

communities of a given ethnic group living outside homeland

Disease diffusion

how diseases spread through population as mortality falls; include infectious and degenerative diseases

Doubling time

How long it will take for a population to double its size

Ecumene

portion of Earth's surface occupied by humans

Emigration

migration from a place

Immigration

migration to another place

Epidemic

widespread infection of disease in a community

Pandemic

epidemic occurring over wide geographic area, affects high populations at the same time

Epidemiology

incidence, distribution, control of disease in population

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

stages of health threats and diffusion

Fertility

number of children that can be conceived

Forced Migration

people compelled to move by political or environmental factors

Voluntary Migration

migrant’s choice to move for economic reason

Gender roles

culturally determined behaviors and attitudes based on sex

Guest worker

someone who is paid to temporarily immigrate for work

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births

Internal migration

movement within a country

Interregional

movement between regions in country

Intraregional

movement within a region

Internally displaced persons (IDP)

someone displaced within their country due to war, politics, or persecution