Biochemistry

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59 Terms

1

Atoms

  • consists of protons and neutrons and surrounded by electrons

  • many share electrons in shells as molecules are most stable when their shell is complete

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2

Complete Shell Equation

2N^2

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3

Combining Atoms

  • chemical reaction occurs whenever a chemical bond is formed, rearranged or broken

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4

Ions

  • atoms that have a charge because of an unequal number of protons and electrons

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5

Molecules

  • two or more atoms that share electrons

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6

Compunds

  • contain atoms of 2 or more elements

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7

Free Radicals and Their Effects on Health

  • an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in its outer shell that is unstable, highly reactive and destructive to nearby molecules

  • generation of free radicals is increased when exposed to UV light, X-rays, chemical and certain normal metabolic processes

  • effects can be partially offset by antioxidants

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8

Chemical Bonds

  • forces that hold together the atoms of molecules and compounds

  • likelihood depends on the number of valence electrons

  • atoms of the most biologically diverse elements do not have eight valence electrons

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9

Formation of Methane

4H+C>CH4

  • carbon has 4 valence electrons that form with hydrogens 4 valence electrons to make it complete

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10

Energy Flow in Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions either use or release energy that was present in the chemical bonds

  • can be exergonic or endergonic

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11

Exergonic

  • spontaneous chemical reaction where there is a net release of energy

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12

Endergonic

  • nonspontaneous chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings

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13

What determines whether energy is released or absorbed?

  • the change in potential energy in the chemical bonds

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14

Organic Compounds

  • contain carbon

  • are usually large molecules

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15

Inorganic Compounds

  • do not contain carbon and include water, salts, acids and bases

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16

Water Qualities

  • boiling point: 100°C

  • Freezing point: 0°C

  • Density: 1g/cm^3

  • High heat capacity making it resistant to temperature changes

  • High heat/energy required to vaporize/boil

  • High surface tension as water molecules stick together

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17

Water as a Solvent

  • negative side associates with positive end of solute molecule

  • Positive side associates with negative end of solute molecule

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18

Salts

  • contain positive ions (cations) other than H+

  • Contain negative ions (anions) other than OH-

  • Typically dissociate readily in water

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19

Salts to Know

  • NaCl (sodium chloride)

  • CaCo3 (calcium carbonate)

  • KCl (potassium chloride)

  • CaPO4 (calcium phosphate)

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20

Acids

  • release H+ ions sin large amounts

  • Are proton donors

  • pH of 0-6.9

  • Example is HCl found in the stomach

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21

Bases

  • accept H+ ions and are called proton acceptors

  • pH of 7.1-14

  • examples are bicarbonate found in blood and ammonia found in waste products

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22

Buffers

  • living cells and tissues are very sensitive to changes in pH and need to maintain a constant pH of 6.5 to 7.2

  • regulation is completed by molecules that resist abrupt changes in pH

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23

What makes carbon so special?

  • carbon forms bond with many other carbon atoms

  • large number of shapes and sizes

  • unique structure and function

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24

Macromolecules

  • carbohydrates

  • lipids

  • proteins

  • nucleic acids

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25

Carbohydrates

  • sugars and starches

  • contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

  • only make up 2-3% of total body mass

  • provide energy

  • glucose produces ATP

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26

Monosaccharides

  • simple sugars

  • general formula is (CH2O)n

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27

Glucose

  • formula is C6H12O6

  • type of monosaccharide that can be absorbed directly into blood

  • does not require digestion

  • important when looking at diabetes

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28

Diasaccharides

  • formed when 2 simple sugars join together

  • glucose + fructose > sucrose

  • 2 carbohydrates form one carbohydrate

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29

Lactose

  • formed by glucose and galactose

  • disaccharide

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30

Maltose

  • formed by 2 glucose molecules

  • disaccharide

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31

Polysaccharides

  • many simple sugars linked together

  • form in ways most carbohydrates are found

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32

Homopolysaccharides

  • many molecules of one sugar

  • such as glycogen, starch and cellulose

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33

Heteropolysaccharides

  • most of these contain only 2 types of sugars and are associated with proteins

  • such as glycoprotein

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34

Glycogen

  • most important homopolysaccharide in humans

  • used for the storage of glucose

  • made and stored primarily in the liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

  • storage varies dramatically with diet, exercise and stress

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35

Starch

  • equivalent storage product of humans found in plants

  • most common carbohydrate in human diets

  • large amounts in wheat, potatoes, rice and corn

  • made by leaves during the day and used as an energy source at night

  • also used for nonfood purposes

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36

Lipids

  • contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (lower proportion than carbohydrates)

  • make up 18-25% of total body mass

  • macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers

  • used for structural support for the cell, energy storage, protection of body organs and cell signalling (steroid hormones for chemical messages)

  • nonpolar

  • includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes

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Fatty Acids

  • simplest lipids that can be broken down to produce ATP

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38

Triglycerides

  • neutral fats

  • fat when solid and oil when liquid

  • large molecules used for storage that is found just below the skin

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39

Phospholipids

  • modified triglycerides that contain phosphorus

  • found in cell membranes

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40

Steroids

  • structurally different than triglycerides

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41

Cholesteral

  • type of lipid (steroid) that is essential for human life

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42

Proteins

  • basic structural material of the body that has many functions

  • 12-18% of total body mass

  • contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

  • some may also contain sulphur

  • composed of amino acids

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43

Amino Acid Functional Groups

  • amine group (common)

  • organic acid group (common)

  • unique group

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44

Amino Acids

  • link to form peptides

  • 20 common ones

  • either obtained from nutrition (essential) or synthesized by the body (non-essential)

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45

Essential Amino Acids

  • Leucine

  • Isoleucine

  • Valine

  • Histidine

  • Lysine

  • Methionine

  • Phenylalanine

  • Threonine

  • Tryptophan

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46

Non-Essential Amino Acids

  • alanine

  • arginine

  • asparagine

  • aspartic acid

  • cysteine

  • glutamic acid

  • glutamine

  • glycine

  • proline

  • serline

  • tyrosine

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47

Dipeptide

  • two amino acids

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48

Tripeptide

  • three amino acids

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49

Primary Structure

  • amino acids in polypeptide chains

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50

Secondary Structure

  • polypeptide chains form spirals or sheets

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51

Tertiary Structure

  • spirals or sheets folded up

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52

Quaternary Structure

  • two or more chains combine to form function protein

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53

Enzymes

  • proteins that acts as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions

  • not used up during the reactions

  • reduce the energy needed to start the reaction

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54

Nucleic Acids

  • largest molecules in the body

  • composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus

  • DNA and RNA

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55

Nucleotides

  • structural unit of nucleic acids

  • adenine and guanine are purines with 2 ring bases

  • cytosine, thymine and uracil are pyrimidines with 1 ring bases

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56

DNA

  • found in the nucleus

  • replicates itself and is found in nearly all cells

  • provides information for building proteins

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57

RNA

  • usually found outside the nucleus

  • works for DNA by carrying out orders for protein synthesis

  • different types of RNA carry out different parts the building process

  • single strands of nucleic acids

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58

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

  • provides energy that is directly used by cells

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59

Cellular Respiration

  • exergonic reaction

  • glucose in oxidized

  • oxygen is reduced

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