History Nationalism post-war of 1812

What was defined as the nationalistic spirit which briefly prevailed following the War of 1812?

the Era of Good Feelings

What major events and characteristics marked Monroe's presidency?

Acquisition of Florida, Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine, temporary end of two-party system, high nationalism after War of 1812, foreign policy success, and economic expansion. Though, later on, political factions and sectional differences became more intense.

Who mainly supported James Monroe?

the Younger Generation of the Democratic-Republican party who were pro-federal government

What beliefs characterized cultural nationalism?

Optimism, belief in unlimited prosperity, excitement about westward expansion, and lack of interest in European politics

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. 20% increase of tax on foreign goods.

goods such as cotton + wool were protected by this tariff.

Why was the Tariff of 1816 passed?

To protect American manufacturers from British competition after the War of 1812

Who was Henry Clay?

A Kentucky leader in the house of representatives who led the War Hawks

What was Henry Clay's American System?

1. A strong national bank to provide credit

2. A protective tariff to promote American manufacturing and to raise revenue

3. Transportation improvements in order to help industrial growth in the South and West (allowed for cheap transportation of materials)

What ended the Era of Good Feelings?

The Panic of 1819;

which was the first major financial panic since ratification of the Constitution. This was caused by the 2nd national bank tightening credit in an effort to control inflation and intense land speculation.

What were the effects of the Panic of 1819?

State banks closed, deflation, unemployment, bankruptcies, imprisonment for debt

Where was economic depression most severe? (1819)

the West; farmers were hit especially hard due to land speculation and foreclosures by the Bank of the United States.

What were the effects of the panic of 1819?

Economic crisis changed many voters' outlooks, it called for land reform & revealed strong opposition against the National Bank and debtors' prisons.

What happened to the Federalist Party after 1816?

It collapsed and ran no candidate in 1820

What tensions existed within the Democratic-Republican Party?

Conflict between limited government ideals and adoption of Federalist policies

Daniel Webster

of Massachusetts, strongly opposed both the tariffs of 1816 and 1824 but then supported even higher tariff rates in 1828.

John C. Calhoun

of South Carolina,Democratic-Republican leader, reversed positions. Once a nationalist and war hawk, he began calling for states' rights

Who was John Marshall?

Federalist Chief Justice appointed in 1800 by John Adams. He favored rights of property and the supremacy of the federal government. Known for shaping the court system aka "the Marshall Court"

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Involves land fraud in Georgia. Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. This was the first time the Supreme court declared a state law to be unconstitutional.

Martin v. Hunter's Lease (1816)

The supreme court established the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights.

Darmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Involved law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college to a public school. Marshall Court struck down this state law as unconstitutional, arguing that contracts for a private school couldnt be altered by the state.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Involved case concerning a tax Maryland tried to collect from the 2ndd Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that fed gov had implied power to create a bank and that a state could not tax a federal institution. "the power to tax is the power to destroy", and federal laws are supreme over state laws.

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Cohens convicted of selling Washington D.C. lottery tickets. IMPORTANT: case established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court's decision involving any of the powers of the federal gov.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

Ogden sued Gibbons for using the same waters with a federal license, competing agaisnt his monopoly. Ruled that NY monopoly was unconstitutional. IMPORTANT: Marshall established the federal government's broad control of interstate commerce

Why did Americans move west?

Indian land acquisition, economic pressure, improved transportation, and immigration

How did Native American land loss contribute to western settlement?

Land opened after natives were driven off by U.S. military victories

What economic pressures pushed people west?

Embargo, war hardships in the Northeast, and exhausted soil in the South

Where did many immigrants settle?

Great Lakes, Ohio, Cumberland, and Mississippi River valleys

Most important things to western states:

1. "cheap money" (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States

2. low prices for land sold by the federal government

3. improved transportation.

Missouri Compromise

a federal law that maintained the delicate balance between slave and free states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, proposed by Henry Clay. In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30', slavery was prohibited

Why was sectional balance important in Congress? What was the balance of states during this time?

to maintain equal power between free and slsave states. 11 free states + 11 slave states

Tallmadge Amendment

propesed by Rep. James Tallmadge that called for prohibiting further introduction of slaves into Missouri. This required for children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25. Yet, it wasn't ammended due to enraged southerners thinking of it as the first step of a northern effort to abolish slavery.

Missouri Compromise Aftermath

led to sectional feelings on slavery, preserved sectional balance for over 30 years, and caused Americans to become torn upon feelings of nationalism and sectionalism.

How did US foreign policy change after the War of 1812?

The United States adopted a more aggressive and nationalistic approach toward other nations

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

A disarmament agreement limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes. This was signed during Monroe's first year as president. in the long-run, the US Canada border became the longest unfortified boundary in the world.

Treaty of 1818

Improved relations between the United States and Britain continued in a treaty that provided for (1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; (2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years and (3) the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel, thus establishing the western U.S.-Canada boundary line

Why did florida become a problem for the United States?

Spain weakened control which allowed Seminoles, runaway slaves, and outlaws to raid U.S. territory. This gave Monroe + Jackson an opportunity to take military action in Florida.

Jackson's Military Campaign

late 1817, Monroe asked Jackson to handle the raiders. if necessary, pursue them into western Florida. Then, in 1818, Jackson led military into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, hung two Seminole chiefs. He also Captured Pensacola, drove out Spain governor, and hanged two British traitors for helping Seminoles.

Congress feared this would cause war, but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuaded Monroe to support Jackson's actions.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Also known as the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, this treaty settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rightsat a time of weakened Spanish power due to rebellion in South America. In addition to ceding Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars, Spain also gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. In return, the US gave up all rights to Texas.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Created in since European ambitions threatened the future of the Western Hemisphere. Europe wanted to supress democratic movements and restore monarchies after Napoleon's death. The doctrine declared that the Americas were closed to future Euro colonization.

Concerns with Russia

Russia began to expand from their home country to Alaska, then southward toward California. Across this land, they established trade posts.

What did British foreign secretary George Canning propose, and why did the British support this?

Suggested the idea of issuing joint Anglo-American warning to Euro powers not to intervene in South America. Britain supported this in order to protect British trade with Latin American republics.

Why did John Quincy Adams oppose a joint declaration with Britain?

believed that it would restrict US opportunites for further expansion.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine

It was applauded, yet quickly forgotten due to domestic concerns. European powers reacted negatively, including Britian as the Doctrine applied to all Euro nations. Though, in the future, the doctrine is seen as a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy toward Latin Ameria.

What economic ideal remained strong in rural america?

Jefferson's vision of independent farmers

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. These include: roads, transportation, canals, steamboats, railroads, factories, and important inventions such as the cotton gin.

Important roads

Pennsylvanias Lancaster Turnpike connected Philly w/ rich farmlands around Lancaster. The Cumberland Road paved highway and a major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois.

Steam Boats

Mechanicized steam power travel began 1807 w/ successful voyage up Hudson River of Clermont, a steamboat by Robert Fulton. This made round-trip shipping faster + cheaper

Population Growth (ind. rev)

between 1800-1825, the population doubled. Next 25 years it doubled again. A splurge of immigrants also began to come to America while non-whites population declined.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields. Cotton wasnow more profitable than other cash crops. Hopes for end to slavery were ended by growth of cotton industry.

Labor issues

finding workers for mills & factories was difficult as there was high competiton w/ cheap land in the west. So, textile mills recruited young farm women. Later on, this was adapted more & more until even child labor became prominent.

Economic & social mobility

Wages improved in the early 1800s, but along with that came a larger gap between the wealthy and the poor. Overall though, America had the most economic opportunity.