Intro to Psych (Theories & Models) Lecture 13 onwards

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (1968)

Personality develops through confronting 8 major psychosocial stages.

Erikson's Stage 1

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage 2

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Erikson's stage 3

initiative vs guilt

Erikson's stage 4

industry vs inferiority

Harlow's Monkey Study (1958)

Infant monkeys showed preference for cloth-covered surrogate over a wire surrogate.

Attachment Theory (Bowlby 1958)

Infants have an innate need to form strong emotional bonds with primary caregivers for survival.

Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1978)

Four different attachment styles: secure, anxious-resistant, anxious-avoidant, disorganized.

Vulnerability-stress model (Zubin et al., 1977)

Everyone has some degree of vulnerability for developing a mental health condition given sufficient stress.

Emotional Stroop Test (Williams et al., 1996)

Participants are slower to name colors of threat-related words than neutral words.

Cognitive Triad of Depression (Beck, 1967)

Negative views: about the world, about the self, and about the future.

Learned Helplessness (Seligman, 1974)

Individuals learn they have no control over what happens so they give up.

Rational Emotive Behavior Theory (REBT) (Ellis)

Focuses on helping clients identify irrational beliefs that result in negative consequences.

ABCD Model (Ellis, 1955)

Activating, Belief, Consequences, Disputing

Biopsychosocial model of health and illness (Engel, 1977)

Works to address the biological, social, and psychological factors that influence health and well-being.

Transactional Stress Model (Lazarus, 1991)

Explains stress as an interaction between a person and their environment

Theory of Planned Behavior (Azjen, 1991)

Behavior can be predicted by intention. Intention is determined by personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1974)

Likelihood of health behavior is dependent on: perception of threat, cost-benefit analysis, self-efficacy, and cues to action.

Transtheoretical Model (Grimley et al., 1994)

Pre-contemplation; contemplation; preparation; action; maintenance.

Matilda Effect (Rossiter, 1993)

Also known as devaluation theory, evidence that women receive fewer signals of reputation.

W.E.I.R.D.

white, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic