Fundamental Organic Chemistry - CHEM 3010-1

Hawaiʻi Pacific University Spring 2026 - Dr. Berger

most common valence bonding situation for Carbon

4 bonds, no lone pairs

most common valence bonding situation for Nitrogen

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

most common valence bonding situation for Oxygen

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

most common valence bonding situation for Hydrogen Chloride

1 bond, 3 lone pairs

formal charge for Carbon

0 (neutral), 3 bonds, no lone pairs

formal charge for Nitrogen

+1, 4 bonds, no lone pairs

formal charge for Oxygen

+1 (3 bonds, one lone pair) OR -1 (One bond, 3 lone pairs)

C - C only

alkane (hydrocarbon)

C = C

alkene (hydrocarbon)

C ≡ C

alkyne (hydrocarbon)

C – X (halogen)

alkyl halide (c - z compound)

C - OH

alcohol (c - z compound)

C - O - C

ether (c - z compound)

C - N or H - N

amine (c - z compound)

C - SH

thiols (c - z compound)

C = O + N

amide (carbonyl compound)

C = O + Cl

acid chloride (carbonyl compound)

C = O + OH

carboxylic acid (carbonyl compound)

R — C(=O) — H

aldehyde (carbonyl compound)

R — C(=O) — R

ketone (carbonyl compound)

R — C(=O) — O — R (ONE oxygen that is bonded to ANOTHER carbon)

ester (carbonyl comoound)