HGAP AP EXAM

Space

The geometric surface of the Earth.

Activity Space

The area where daily activities occur.

Place

A bounded area of human importance.

Toponym

A place-name assigned to a location.

Scale

Relationship of an object or place to the Earth.

Sequent Occupancy

Succession of cultural influences in a place's history.

Formal Regions

Areas with homogeneous characteristics.

Functional Regions

Areas with a central point serving a purpose.

Vernacular Regions

Regions based on residents' perception.

Absolute Location

Defines a point using coordinates.

Relative Location

Location compared to a known place.

Distance Decay

Interaction decreases with distance.

Friction of Distance

Inhibits interaction between points.

Space-Time Compression

Decreased time and distance between places.

Central Place Theory

Analysis of city locations and economic exchange.

Core and Periphery

Relationships in regional phenomena.

Diffusion Patterns

Ways in which phenomena spread spatially.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer programs for spatial analysis.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Uses satellites for location determination.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Theory of population changes over time.

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Countries that have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, transitioning from primarily agricultural to manufacturing-based economies.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that explains the changing population patterns in societies as they develop, particularly focusing on the impact of medical advances on population growth rates.

Phase of Development

Refers to the different stages of societal progress, with each phase characterized by specific population growth trends and factors such as birth and death rates.

Population Projection

Estimating how a population will change over time, including predicting growth or decline based on various factors like birth rates, death rates, and migration.

S-Curve of Population

Describes the pattern of rapid population growth followed by stabilization or decline as a population reaches its carrying capacity.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that illustrates the stages of population growth and decline in societies as they undergo economic and social changes.

Malthusian Theory

A theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to resource scarcity and potential crises.

Sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Population Pyramids

Graphical representations of a population's age and gender distribution, providing insights into the demographic structure of a region.

Cultural Synthesis (Syncretism)

The blending of different cultural influences to create new cultural expressions or practices.

Dravidian

A language family spoken by 230 million people in and around the Indian subcontinent.

Anatolian theory

A theory suggesting that European languages originated from migrants from the Indian subcontinent who settled in present-day Turkey before spreading into Europe.

Folk music

Original music specific to a culture, often incorporating unique instruments and cultural stories.

Bluegrass

A popular folk music type originating in Kentucky, heavily influencing contemporary country and rock music.

Continental cuisine

Formal food traditions from mainland Europe, embodied in haute cuisine with specific serving styles and dishes.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core principles guiding moral behavior for Muslims, including daily prayers, alms to the poor, observance of Ramadan, Islamic creed, and the Hajj pilgrimage.

Caste System

A social hierarchy in India with five main castes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits, with strict social roles and restrictions.

Theocracy

A form of government where religious leaders hold senior positions of governance, as seen in Iran.

Folklore

Stories and histories specific to a culture, often containing moral lessons and societal histories.

Race

Physical characteristics of common genetic heritage, categorized into Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid groups, leading to racial discrimination and oppression.

Lebensraum

Refers to the living space allocated to distinct nations based on optimal physical geography.

Neo-Nazism

Involves violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or an intense expression of xenophobia.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group and the inferiority of others.

Cultural relativism

Idea that an individual's beliefs and activities are understood within their cultural context.

Internal vs External Identity

Internal identity shared with those of the same heritage, while external identity is expressed to those from different backgrounds.

Culture regions

Bounded areas with homogeneous cultural characteristics.

Fuzzy borders

Cultural regions with unclear boundaries.

Cultural Hearths

Localized areas where cultures originate or have their main population centers.

Acculturation

Process of adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of the original culture.

Assimilation

Complete change in identity as a minority culture integrates into the majority culture.

Cultural survival

Efforts to protect and promote indigenous cultures.

Genocide

Large-scale systematic killing of people from one ethnic group.

Nation-state

A single culture under a single government.

Sovereignty

State's independence from external control with international recognition.

Supranationalism

Alignment of sovereign states for common purposes.

Territoriality

Expression of political control over space.

Citizenship

Legal identity based on the state of birth or naturalization.

Enclave and Exclave

Concentrated minority culture group within a dominant culture group's territory and a fragmented sovereign territory separated from the main state.

UNCLOS

Standard oceanic boundaries for UN member states ratified in 1994.

Admiralty law

International law governing legal procedures on the high seas.

Boundary Process

The process of claiming, negotiating, or capturing borders.

Delimitation Process

Placing borders on the map.

Demarcation Process

Placing markers on the ground to show where borders lie.

Physical Border

Natural boundaries like rivers, mountains, or deserts.

Cultural Border

Estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes.

Geometric Border

Boundaries surveyed along lines of latitude and longitude.

Definitional Dispute

Interpretation differences in border treaties.

Locational Dispute

Border movement due to natural changes.

Operational Dispute

Issues with passage across agreed borders.

Allocational Dispute

Disputes over resources lying across borders.

Frontier

Open and undefined territory.

Tyranny of the Map

Imposed boundaries not matching cultural boundaries.

State Morphology

Impact of a country's shape on society and relations.

Compact State

Shape without irregularity.

Fragmented State

Broken into pieces like archipelagos.

Elongated State

Stretched-out, long shape.

Prorupt State

State with a panhandle or peninsula.

Perforated State

State with holes like a large lake.

Landlocked State

State with no sea or ocean borders.

Annexation

Addition of territory through purchase or claim extension.

Capitals

Seat of government in a state.

Suffrage

Voting rights based on age, race, and gender.

Gerrymandering

Irregularly shaped voting districts for political gain.

Feudalism

Political economy with aristocracy controlling land and wealth.

Absolute Monarchy

Supreme aristocrat as head of state and government.

Constitutional Monarchy

Supreme aristocrat as head of state, elected leader as head of government.

Commonwealth of Nations

Former British Empire parts with the British monarch as head of state.

Free-Market Democracies

Elected-representative parliamentary systems.

Separation of Powers

Division of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Marxist-Socialism

Political-economic theories aiming for a class-free society.

Geopolitics

Global-scale relationships between sovereign states.

Centripetal Forces

Factors holding together the state.

Centrifugal Forces

Factors tearing apart the state.

Balkanization

Political landscape transition from larger to smaller states.

Neocolonialism

Contemporary colonialism based on economic pressure.

Heartland-Rimland model

Defines global geopolitical landscape and potential conflict areas

Primary commodity of conflict

The resource countries are willing to fight over

Shatterbelt theory

Proposed by Saul Cohen in 1950

Pivot Area

Modified concept from Mackinder's Heartland by Saul Cohen

Buffer states

Lands protecting hostile countries by creating a buffer of sympathetic nations