AP HUG Unit 6 Vocabulary

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States. The Louisiana Purchase is one of the most famous annexations.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

The process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally the ground.

Census Tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly with neighborhoods.

Central Business Districts (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Central City (City)

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.

Combined Statistical Area (CSA)

In the United States, two or more continuous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Core-based Statistical Area (CBSA)

The change in density of an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner occupied area.

Informal Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residency on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Megalopolis

A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting once several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which the city is located, and adjacency cities tied to the city.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities and which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Peripheral Model

A model of north American urban areas consisting of an inner city and surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Primary Census Area (PCA)

In the United States, any CSA, and MSA not included in a SA, or any PSA not included in a CSA.

Public Housing

Government owned housing rented to low-income individual, with rent set at 30 percent of the tenant's income.

Redlining

A process by which institutions draw red-colored lines on a map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within the lines.

Rush Hour

The four consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

Sector Model

A model of the internal structures of a cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central district.

Smart Growth

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Underclass

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

Urban Area

A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.

Urban Cluster

In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.

Zoning Ordinance

A law that limits the permitted use of land and maximum density of the development in a community.

Basic Business

A business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

Business Service

A service that primarily meets the needs of other business, including professional, financial, and transportation services.

Central Place

A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services.

Clustered Rural Settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement.

Consumer Service

A service that primarily meets the needs of individual customers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.

Dispersed Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Economic Base

A community's collection of basic business.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating smaller landholdings onto a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Food Desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than one mile.

Gravity Model

A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people at a location and interaction related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Hinterland

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services (also known as market area).

Market Area

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services (also known as a hinterland).

Non Basic Business

A business that sells its products primarily to consumers on the same settlement.

Primate City

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.

Public Service

A service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and business.

Range

The maximum amount of distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Rank Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement.

Service

Any activity that fulfills a humans want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements.