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Romanticism
philosophers have been concerned with 3 questions
is it right or wrong?
is it true or false?
is it beautiful or ugly?
socrates (469-399 BCE)
loved good conversations
socrates (469-399 BCE)
deeply conscious of his own ignorance
socrates (469-399 BCE)
was a teacher who liked to ask a question and then another question
socrates (469-399 BCE)
→ teaching method made parents nervous bc questioning beliefs scared them → was arrested & condemned to death (refused to stop teaching like that
socrates (469-399 BCE)
knowing why you believe what you do → happiness
plato (427-347 BC)
continued w/ socratic dialectics
plato (427-347 BC)
allowed women to study at his school
plato (427-347 BC)
very influenced by socrates but wrote stuff down (unlike socrates)
plato (427-347 BC)
wrote 29 dialogues he had with socrates → 1st established comprehensive system of philosophy
plato (427-347 BC)
believed in…
1 god (in an era when most believed in many gods)
reincarnation
had ideas of what a government consisted of
plato (427-347 BC)
believed intelligentsia should rule—masses weren’t smart enough to rule themselves
plato (427-347 BC)
did not believe in mating by natural selection—procreation should be in government hands and unintelligent ppl should not mate indiscriminately
aristotle (384-322 BC)
most influential of the big three philosophers—master of knowledge from the 5th-15th century
aristotle (384-322 BC)
student of plato
aristotle (384-322 BC)
first philosopher to define a sylliogism
syllogism
system of logic by which you have a major premise, followed by a minor premise, followed by a conclusion
“all virtues are laudable” — major premise
“kindness” = virtue — minor premise
aristotle (384-322 BC)
believed in defining terms
aristotle (384-322 BC) + (Plato)
believed in one god (like ___) as the primordial source
aristotle (384-322 BC)
favored constitution—aristocratic rule is selfish
aristotle (384-322 BC)
didn’t think masses were intelligent enough to rule
aristotle (384-322 BC)
believed in 5 components to achieve happiness and you have to acquire a certain maturity to feel it
written in book called Nicomachean Ethics
five components of happiness (Aristotle)
good health (hope of getting better)
wealth (adequate sustenance)
friendship (company to enjoy and provide intellectual stimulation)
knowledge (obligation to know thyself)
good character (as long as one is unkind, they cannot have lasting happiness)
by ______
eudaimonia
aristotle’s concept of happiness (nothing competitive)
*happiness is long term and pleasure is transitory
the dark ages
before and after aristotle bc the church was in charge
st. thomas aquinas (1224-1274)
italian monk philosopher who read aristotle → allowed for study of aristotle to continue & reconciled aristotilian philosophy to christian theology
during dark ages?*
imannuel kant (1724-1804) (German)
read aristotle and aquinas; _____ philosopher
imannuel kant (1724-1804)
christian but wanted to leave religion out of it & prove logically why you should live your life by Aristotle’s values
immanuel kant (1224-1804)
said you should live your life in such a way that your behavior could be relegated to universal law
categorical imperetive (immanuel Kant)
took _____ 2 volumes to explain
act so that your actions establish the precedence for all subsequent actions—all times, all places, all people
john stewart mill (years?)
read aristotle and kant
john stewart mill
sometimes, it’s not easy to tell what the right course of action is
classicism
early works of ancient greece and rome with five characteristics
1st characteristic of classicism
prescribed form and rigid style
all of it was poetry (greeks felt only poetry was literature)
very formal language
2nd characteristic of classicism
appealed to logic rather than emotion
3rd characteristic of classicism
emphasized society above the individual
4th characteristic of classicism
didactic in nature—taught a moral lesson
value of literature was to teach morals
don’t defy the gods
5th characteristic of classicism
static in nature—resistent to change
not a lot of literature after that bc ppl were scared of the church
neoclassicism (1400s-1800s)
1500s; ppl start thinking
neoclassicism
imitating old pastors; same as classicism with an emphasis on traditionalism
examples of neoclassicists
john milton (paradise lost), alexander pope, john donne
romanticism
rebellion against classicism with five characteristics
1st characteristic of romanticism
originality of thought and freedom of style and form
2nd characteristic of romanticism
emphasized emotion, spontaneous reactions, and intuition over logic
3rd characteristic of romanticism
holds the individual to be more valuable than the good of society
4th characteristic of romanticism
not didactic but aesthetic in nature—beauty can exist for its own sake and doesn’t need a reason
5th characteristic of romanticism
dynamic in nature and thrives during rebellion
examples of romanticists
percy shelly, john keates (poets)
gothic literature
showed the darker side of invention and experiments in technology
transcendentalism
similar to romanticism but also empasizes nature as a teacher, solace, comfort, and healter + added emphasis on morality
outgrowths of romanticism
gothic lit, transcendentalism, and mysticism
examples of transcendentalists
walt whitman and henry david Thoreau
(only in the US bc of puritanic religion and morals)
mysticism
type of romanticism with an emphasis on religion or the supernatural
tone is ethereal, mysterious, and forboding @ times (not of this works)
considered unlucky for a sailor to kill an albatross—edgar allan poe
utillitarianism (John Stewart Mill)
consider what provides the greatest good for the most number of people
by ____
realism (1900-1930s)
rebellion against romanticism
realism (1900-1930s)
sought to portray life as it really is
naturalism (1930s-1950s)
emile zola is the founder—”Nana” bpook
naturalism (1930s-1950s)
determinism; effect of environment on individual; amoral
naturalism (1930s-1950s)
objectivity of tone
naturalism (1930s-1950s)
frankness of subject matter, rebellion against tabboos, and pessimistic selection of detail
surrealism (1960s)
extreme form of realism and naturalism
surrealism (1960s)
subconscious creativity: dreams, hypnosis, drugs
surrealism (1960s)
shock therapy tone
realism (1900-1930s)
characterized by excessive detail rather than vague intuition and emphasis on fact rather than idealism
tedius due to detail
madam bauvaire, gustav flauvert, the jungle
hippies
grew up during depression and were spoiled by their parents
frustrated existentialists
hippies—were dealing with too much and strayed from society
existentialism (1970s)
existence preceeds essence
soren kierkegaard
subjectivity
look inside self to find truth; existentialist
Martin Heidegger
nothingness; cannot state what is truth because of comparison—only use negative terms to define oneself
fredrick nietzsche
no absolute truth
arthur schopenhauer
self alienation happens bc you can’t define ur own absolute truth; life intercepts blissful nonexistence
existential despair
john paul sartre
non-being—can’t define yourself, truth changes
albert camus
absurdity
find meaning in life thru what you create—Sisyphus—you’ll never find the truth (constantly pushing boulder)
existentialism
can be positive bc you have to know yourself to know who you are—no hypocrisy when one lives by their own truths
encourages tolerance to other views
makes ppl accountable for their own actions
fatalism
fate but not religious
amorality
to do with naturalism
lack of ties to good or evil